互联网时代的劳资之争

 　　They are the people formerly¹ known as employees. In a broad range of service industries, workers who once drew a steady salary are cutting out the employer and plying² their services direct to people who used to pay companies, rather than people, to meet their needs.

　　他们以前被称为雇员。在服务行业的各个领域，曾经赚取稳定工资的劳动者正在绕过雇主，把自己的服务直接提供给客户。这些客户过去一直付费给企业（而非个人）来满足自己的需求。

　　This is the on-demand economy, the pattern of work exemplified by online systems such as Uber, a smartphone app that matches freelance taxi drivers to city dwellers³ who need a ride. Such services promise great efficiencies; idle resources can be harnessed more easily, whether they are empty bedrooms or the working hours of the underemployed. But there is also a transfer of risk.

　　这就是按需经济(on-demand economy)，这种工作模式体现在优步(Uber)等在线系统上。优步是一款智能手机应用，它可以把个体出租车司机和需要出行的城市居民匹配起来。这样的服务有望带来效率的极大提高；闲置资源可以被更容易地利用起来，无论这资源是空置的卧室还是未得到充分就业的人们的工作时间。但是，这里也存在风险的转移。

　　互联网时代的劳资之争

　　In the short term, at least, company men and women were insulated from the vicissitudes⁴ of economic fortune. Whether it was faulty equipment or business ups and downs, much of the risk fell on companies rather than individuals. The on-demand economy sweeps away many of these safeguards. When misfortune strikes, workers are on their own.

　　至少在短期内，企业员工还不会受到经济兴衰变故的影响。不论是设备故障还是业务波动，大部分风险都由公司而非个人承担。但按需经济让许多这样的保障措施都消失了。当厄运降临时，劳动者只能自己承担。

　　Adam Smith explained that the division of labour is limited by the extent of the market. If you spend all your days putting metal heads on the end of pins, you can get very good at it. But unless there is a market in which you can trade pins for money, and others in which you can trade money for food, shelter and cloth, you will not prosper⁵ by doing so. Specialisation brings gains. Its essential precondition is a system of exchange.

　　亚当?斯密(Adam Smith)解释了为什么说劳动分工受到市场范围的限制。如果你整天都做把金属头镶到大头针尾部的工作，你会变得非常熟练。但除非有一个你能够用大头针换来钱的市场，以及其他你可以用钱换来吃穿住的市场，否则，你无法通过制作大头针致富。专业化能带来收益的基本前提，是存在一个交换体系。

　　This poses a difficulty, for markets are themselves limited. Transacting⁶ in them is costly⁷, and sometimes the cost might be so high it outweighs⁸ the value to be gained. This was the insight of the Nobel prizewinning economist⁹ Ronald Coase, and he used it to explain why humanity is not the only form of intelligent life in our economic universe. If economic exchange were intermediated exclusively via markets, all transactions could take place between people; there would be no need for companies to exist at all. But corporate¹¹ hierarchies¹² are sometimes a cheaper way of co-ordinating economic exchange.

　　这带来了一个难题，因为市场本身是有局限的。在市场中进行交易需要付出高昂成本，有时交易成本可能高到超过可获取的收益。这就是诺贝尔经济学奖得主罗纳德?科斯(Ronald Coase)的伟大发现，他用这一发现来解释为什么人类并非我们经济系统里唯一的智慧生命形式。如果经济交换完全经由市场作为媒介进行，那所有交易都可以在人与人之间发生；而企业完全没有存在的必要了。但企业层级结构有时能够用更低的成本协调经济交换。

　　The logic¹³ is immutable¹⁴, but the circumstances have changed. Ubiquitous connectivity via the internet has reduced the cost of connecting resources to the people who need them. When market exchange is no longer so expensive, corporate enterprises begin to lose their raison d’être.

　　这种逻辑不会变，但环境已经发生变化。互联网的四通八达降低了把资源和需要这些资源的人连接起来的成本。当交易成本不再如此高昂，企业也就开始失去存在的理由。

　　The earliest signs that communications technology could help orchestrate new forms of human collaboration¹⁵ were visible outside the economic sphere. In the early days of the web, most boundary-crossing work was mediated¹⁰ through social interaction, rather than markets. Peer production projects — such as Wikipedia, the free online encyclopedia¹⁶ to which anyone can contribute by writing pages or editing them, or Linux, an open source operating system developed by a huge community of computer programmers who give their time for free — were first to create value on an industrial scale while breaking free of the boundary of the company. The informality and social motivations that gave rise to these practices did not require the overheads of a payment system. Nor did they require managerial hierarchies. The absence of price signals muted the potential conflicts that arise regularly between people who must allocate¹⁷ the monetary¹⁸ rewards of their shared work.

　　通信技术可以帮助构建新型人类合作形式的最早迹象，并非出现在经济领域。在互联网出现的早期，大部分跨界合作工作都是通过社交互动、而非市场完成的。对等协作生产(peer production)项目——如任何人都可以通过撰写或编辑页面出一份力的免费在线百科全书维基百科(Wikipedia)，或由全球大量编程人员无偿协力开发的开源操作系统Linux——第一次以工业规模创造价值，同时又打破了企业的边界。促使这些实践活动兴起的非正式性和社交动机，不需要维持一个支付系统所需的管理费用，也不需要层级管理结构。价格信号的缺失，让必须瓜分共同劳动成果带来的金钱回报的人们之间屡见不鲜的冲突也消失了。

　　The companies that make up the on-demand economy are similar, but price signals have taken the place of social motivations. As Coase might have predicted, the boundary of the company has been dissolved. The likely efficiency gains are large. The economic effects of Wikipedia and Linux were felt by the publishing and software industries, whose workers are likely to be well-educated and fairly well off. But the effects of the on-demand economy will reach deep into social strata¹⁹ that have less education and a limited reservoir of material security to draw on.

　　构成按需经济的企业是类似的，但价格信号已经取代了社交动机。正如科斯可能会预言的那样，企业的边界已经被打破。可能的效率提升非常大。出版和软件行业工作者大多受过良好教育、也相对富裕，这两个行业已经感受到了维基百科和Linux那样的经济影响。但按需经济的影响将进一步深入到受教育较少、物质保障储备有限的社会阶层。

　　And there is the rub. When the national labour market took shape in Victorian Britain, what followed was a century of explosive growth. But it was also a century of Dickensian depredation²⁰ and dislocation. Before we celebrate the demise²¹ of the company and its replacement²² with a more flexible, digitally mediated market for piecework, we must remember that companies have played a critical role in absorbing risks associated with market production that had previously²³ fallen on workers, with tragic²⁴ consequences.

　　当然，难就难在这里。维多利亚时代英国形成全国劳动力市场之后，带来的是一个世纪的爆炸式增长。但那也是一个狄更斯式(Dickensian)掠夺和混乱主导的世纪。在我们庆祝企业灭亡，被一个更加灵活的、数字化的计件工作市场所取代之前，我们必须记住，公司一直扮演一个关键角色，那就是吸收与市场生产有关的风险，这种风险此前一度由劳动者自己承担，造成了许多悲惨后果。

　　In 1914, Henry Ford²⁵ doubled the daily salary of employees and ushered²⁶ in a new conception of the relationship between business and workers. Following decades of conflicts between capital and labour, businesses would now absorb some of the risk of living in a market economy.

　　1914年，亨利?福特(Henry Ford)给员工涨了一倍日薪，开创了一种新型的企业与劳动者关系。在经历了几十年的劳资冲突后，现在很多企业会吸收部分在一个市场化经济中生存所面临的风险。

　　If, in the next century, electronic markets begin to supplant²⁷ companies as the organising force behind economic exchange, we will confront these dilemmas²⁸ anew. Some internet entrepreneurs seem to know as much. That is wise. The on-demand economy heralds²⁹ a form of economic co-operation that Ford could not have imagined. But its novelty should not blind us to a social challenge he was among the first to confront.

　　如果在下一个世纪，电子市场开始取代企业，成为组织经济交换的力量，那么我们将再次面对这些难题。一些互联网企业家对此似乎也心知肚明。这是明智的。按需经济预示着一种福特当年无法想象得到的经济合作形式的到来。但其新奇性不应该使我们忽视一道社会难题，而福特是直面这道难题的先驱者。

　　The writer is Berkman professor of entrepreneurial legal studies at Harvard Law School

　　本文作者是哈佛大学法学院(Harvard Law School)伯克曼(Berkman)企业法律研究教授

1 formerly   

adv.从前，以前

参考例句：

• We now enjoy these comforts of which formerly we had only heard.我们现在享受到了过去只是听说过的那些舒适条件。
• This boat was formerly used on the rivers of China.这船从前航行在中国内河里。

2 plying   

v.使用（工具）( ply的现在分词 )；经常供应（食物、饮料）；固定往来；经营生意

参考例句：

• All manner of hawkers and street sellers were plying their trade. 形形色色的沿街小贩都在做着自己的买卖。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• It was rather Mrs. Wang who led the conversation, plying Miss Liu with questions. 倒是汪太太谈锋甚健，向刘小姐问长问短。 来自汉英文学 - 围城

3 dwellers   

n.居民，居住者( dweller的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• City dwellers think country folk have provincial attitudes. 城里人以为乡下人思想迂腐。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• They have transformed themselves into permanent city dwellers. 他们已成为永久的城市居民。 来自《简明英汉词典》

4 vicissitudes   

n.变迁，世事变化；变迁兴衰( vicissitude的名词复数 )；盛衰兴废

参考例句：

• He experienced several great social vicissitudes in his life. 他一生中经历了几次大的社会变迁。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• A man used to vicissitudes is not easily dejected. 饱经沧桑，不易沮丧。 来自《简明英汉词典》

5 prosper   

v.成功，兴隆，昌盛；使成功，使昌隆，繁荣

参考例句：

• With her at the wheel,the company began to prosper.有了她当主管，公司开始兴旺起来。
• It is my earnest wish that this company will continue to prosper.我真诚希望这家公司会继续兴旺发达。

6 transacting   

v.办理（业务等）( transact的现在分词 )；交易，谈判

参考例句：

• buyers and sellers transacting business 进行交易的买方和卖方
• The court was transacting a large volume of judicial business on fairly settled lines. 法院按衡平原则审理大量案件。 来自辞典例句

7 costly   

adj.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的

参考例句：

• It must be very costly to keep up a house like this.维修这么一幢房子一定很昂贵。
• This dictionary is very useful,only it is a bit costly.这本词典很有用，左不过贵了些。

8 outweighs   

v.在重量上超过( outweigh的第三人称单数 )；在重要性或价值方面超过

参考例句：

• Her need to save money outweighs her desire to spend it on fun. 她省钱的需要比她花钱娱乐的愿望更重要。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Its clarity in algebraic and analytical operations far outweighs any drawbacks. 文化代数和解析运算中的清晰性远远胜过任何缺点。 来自辞典例句

9 economist   

n.经济学家，经济专家，节俭的人

参考例句：

• He cast a professional economist's eyes on the problem.他以经济学行家的眼光审视这个问题。
• He's an economist who thinks he knows all the answers.他是个经济学家，自以为什么都懂。

10 mediated   

调停，调解，斡旋( mediate的过去式和过去分词 )； 居间促成； 影响…的发生； 使…可能发生

参考例句：

• He mediated in the quarrel between the two boys. 他调解两个孩子之间的争吵。
• The government mediated between the workers and the employers. 政府在工人与雇主间搞调和。

11 corporate   

adj.共同的，全体的；公司的，企业的

参考例句：

• This is our corporate responsibility.这是我们共同的责任。
• His corporate's life will be as short as a rabbit's tail.他的公司的寿命是兔子尾巴长不了。

12 hierarchies   

等级制度( hierarchy的名词复数 )； 统治集团； 领导层； 层次体系

参考例句：

• That's a trip of two hierarchies. 那是两个领导层之间的互访。
• Hierarchies of authority, spans of control, long-range plans, and budgets. 等级森严的权力机构，控制范围，长期计划，预算。 来自英汉文学 - 廊桥遗梦

13 logic   

n.逻辑(学)；逻辑性

参考例句：

• What sort of logic is that?这是什么逻辑？
• I don't follow the logic of your argument.我不明白你的论点逻辑性何在。

14 immutable   

adj.不可改变的，永恒的

参考例句：

• Nothing in the world is immutable.世界没有一成不变的东西。
• They free our minds from considering our world as fixed and immutable.它们改变着人们将世界看作是永恒不变的观点。

15 collaboration   

n.合作，协作；勾结

参考例句：

• The two companies are working in close collaboration each other.这两家公司密切合作。
• He was shot for collaboration with the enemy.他因通敌而被枪毙了。

16 encyclopedia   

n.百科全书

参考例句：

• The encyclopedia fell to the floor with a thud.那本百科全书砰的一声掉到地上。
• Geoff is a walking encyclopedia.He knows about everything.杰夫是个活百科全书，他什么都懂。

17 allocate   

vt.分配，分派；把…拨给；把…划归

参考例句：

• You must allocate the money carefully.你们必须谨慎地分配钱。
• They will allocate fund for housing.他们将拨出经费建房。

18 monetary   

adj.货币的，钱的；通货的；金融的；财政的

参考例句：

• The monetary system of some countries used to be based on gold.过去有些国家的货币制度是金本位制的。
• Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means.荒凉地区的教育不是钱财问题。

19 strata   

n.地层（复数）；社会阶层

参考例句：

• The older strata gradually disintegrate.较老的岩层渐渐风化。
• They represent all social strata.他们代表各个社会阶层。

20 depredation   

n.掠夺，蹂躏

参考例句：

• The synergism between erosion and corrosion is main factor resulting in slurry erosion depredation of materials.冲刷和腐蚀间的交互作用是引起材料发生泥浆型冲蚀破坏的主要因素。
• Much of the region's environmental depredation is a result of poor planning.该地区的环境破坏大都是由于规划不善造成的。

21 demise   

n.死亡；v.让渡，遗赠，转让

参考例句：

• He praised the union's aims but predicted its early demise.他赞扬协会的目标，但预期这一协会很快会消亡。
• The war brought about the industry's sudden demise.战争道致这个行业就这么突然垮了。

22 replacement   

n.取代，替换，交换；替代品，代用品

参考例句：

• We are hard put to find a replacement for our assistant.我们很难找到一个人来代替我们的助手。
• They put all the students through the replacement examination.他们让所有的学生参加分班考试。

23 previously   

adv.以前，先前（地）

参考例句：

• The bicycle tyre blew out at a previously damaged point.自行车胎在以前损坏过的地方又爆开了。
• Let me digress for a moment and explain what had happened previously.让我岔开一会儿，解释原先发生了什么。

24 tragic   

adj.悲剧的，悲剧性的，悲惨的

参考例句：

• The effect of the pollution on the beaches is absolutely tragic.污染海滩后果可悲。
• Charles was a man doomed to tragic issues.查理是个注定不得善终的人。

25 Ford   

n.浅滩，水浅可涉处；v.涉水，涉过

参考例句：

• They were guarding the bridge,so we forded the river.他们驻守在那座桥上，所以我们只能涉水过河。
• If you decide to ford a stream,be extremely careful.如果已决定要涉过小溪，必须极度小心。

26 ushered   

v.引，领，陪同( usher的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• The secretary ushered me into his office. 秘书把我领进他的办公室。
• A round of parties ushered in the New Year. 一系列的晚会迎来了新年。 来自《简明英汉词典》

27 supplant   

vt.排挤；取代

参考例句：

• Electric cars may one day supplant petrol-driven ones.也许有一天电动车会取代汽油驱动的车。
• The law of momentum conservation could supplant Newton's third law.动量守恒定律可以取代牛顿第三定律。

28 dilemmas   

n.左右为难( dilemma的名词复数 )；窘境，困境

参考例句：

• They dealt with their dilemmas by mixing perhaps unintentionally an explosive brew. 他们――也许是无意地――把爆炸性的佐料混合在一起，以此来应付困难处境。 来自辞典例句
• Ten years later we encountered the same dilemmas in Vietnam. 十年后，我们又在越南遇到了同样进退两难的局面。 来自辞典例句

29 heralds   

n.使者( herald的名词复数 )；预报者；预兆；传令官v.预示( herald的第三人称单数 )；宣布（好或重要）

参考例句：

• The song of birds heralds the approach of spring. 百鸟齐鸣报春到。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
• The wind sweeping through the tower heralds a rising storm in the mountain. 山雨欲来风满楼。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》