“身体交换”实验：体验“做别人”的感觉

 　　Researchers say virtual reality could be used to give people a new perspective on racism¹ -allowing them to experience life as another person.

　　研究人员表示，虚拟现实技术能够让人们体验做别人的感觉，进而让人们用一种新视角看待种族主义。

　　British experts used the brain's ability to bring together information from different senses to make white people feel that they were inhabiting black bodies and adults feel like they had children's bodies.

　　英国专家通过用大脑集合不同感官传达的信息来让白人体验做黑人的感觉，并让成年人体会做小孩的感觉。

　　They hope the technique could be developed as a treatment for racism, religious hatred², and gender³ inequality.

　　他们希望这项技术能够帮助减轻种族主义、宗教仇恨和性别不平等问题。

　　身体交换

　　The researchers say the results are 'remarkable⁴' and have important implications for approaching phenomena⁵ such as race and gender discrimination.

　　研究人员称，实验结果不同凡响，对于处理诸如种族和性别歧视等问题有重大意义。

　　Negative attitudes about others are often formed at a young age, and they're thought to remain relatively⁶ stable throughout adulthood⁷.

　　一个人对他人的消极态度往往形成于其少年阶段，并会在其成年后一直持续下去。

　　'Our findings are important as they motivate a new research area into how self-identity is constructed and how the boundaries between 'ingroups' and 'outgroups' might be altered,' says Professor Manos Tsakiris.

　　“我们的研究成果很重要。得益于此，我们对于“人们如何建立自我身份”以及“如何区分自己人和外人”的研究发展到了一个新领域。

　　'More importantly though, from a societal point of view, our methods and findings might help us understand how to approach phenomena such as racism, religious hatred, and gender inequality discrimination, since the methods offer the opportunity for people to experience the world from the perspective of someone different from themselves.'

　　“更重要的是，从社会角度来讲，我们的方法和研究成果或许能帮助我们处理诸如种族主义、宗教仇恨和性别歧视等问题。因为这个实验给参与者提供了一个从不同视角感受世界的机会。

　　Once you change people's representations of what their bodies are like, then you can change their social cognition, which is the way in which we relate to others.'

　　一旦你将参与者‘换’到另一个身体中，你便能改变他们的社会认知，也就是他们对待别人的方式。”

　　While there is no simple 'cure' for racism or other biases⁸, 'the research shows that integration⁹ of different sensory¹⁰ signals can allow the brain to update its model of the body and cause people to change their attitudes about others,' says Professor Mel Slater of University College London and the University of Barcelona.

　　虽然我们无法轻而易举地“治愈”种族主义或其他偏见，但英国伦敦大学学院和巴塞罗那大学梅尔·斯莱特教授（Mel Slater）表示，“研究显示，融合不同的感官信号能使大脑更新其指挥身体的模式，进而让人们改变对待别人的态度”。

　　In a paper publishing online December 15 in the Cell Press journal Trends in Cognitive¹¹ Sciences, the pair explained how they have used the brain's ability to bring together information from different senses to make white people feel that they were inhabiting black bodies and adults feel like they had children's bodies.

　　上述两位教授12月15日在细胞出版社的杂志《认知科学趋势》（Trends in Cognitive Sciences）上发表了一篇文章，其中解释了如何运用大脑的能力来融合不同感觉的信息，让白人感觉自己“有”了黑人身体，而成年人“换”到了孩子身体里。

　　For white people who were made to feel that they had black bodies, their unconscious biases against black people diminished.

　　当那些白人参与者“有”了黑人身体后，他们对黑人无意识的偏见减少了。

　　And adults who felt as if they had children's bodies processed perceptual information and aspects of themselves as being more childlike.

　　那些“有”孩子身体的成年人在感知信息时显得更孩子气。

　　In another study, researchers led by Tsakiris used a different sort of body-swapping exercise, known as the "rubber hand illusion."

　　在另一个研究中，以Tsakiris为首的研究者们开展了一种不同类型的身体交换活动，被称为“橡胶手幻觉实验”。

　　For this exercise, a rubber hand was placed in front of a participant, while one of the participant's own hands was covered to block it from view.

　　在这个活动中，每个参与者面前都放了一只橡胶手，而且他们的一只手被挡到视线之外。

　　The person conducting the study then stroked the same points on both the rubber and real hands with a paintbrush.

　　然后参与者用画笔在橡胶手和自己剩余的那只手上画点。

　　About three-quarters of participants said they experienced a feeling that the rubber hand was actually their own hand.

　　约有四分之三的参与者表示他们感觉那只橡胶手就像是自己真实的手。

　　If the rubber hand was threatened in some way (say, by a pointy object) the person felt heightened levels of stress, as if their real hand were about to be harmed.

　　如果橡胶手面临某种危险（例如被一个尖锐物体刺到），参与者内心十分紧张，就好像是他们真实的手要遭受损害。

　　Such stress remained regardless of whether the rubber hand was the same color as the participant's skin: fair-skinned participants, even those who held strong biases against black individuals, reacted like the rubber hand was theirs even if it was brown.

　　不管这只橡胶手是否跟参与者肤色一致，这些人的紧张程度保持不变。即使那些对黑人抱有强烈偏见的白人参与者，在面对棕皮肤的橡胶手时，仍会感觉这就是自己的手，并做出相应反应。

1 racism   

n.民族主义；种族歧视(意识)

参考例句：

• He said that racism is endemic in this country.他说种族主义在该国很普遍。
• Racism causes political instability and violence.种族主义道致政治动荡和暴力事件。

2 hatred   

n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨

参考例句：

• He looked at me with hatred in his eyes.他以憎恨的眼光望着我。
• The old man was seized with burning hatred for the fascists.老人对法西斯主义者充满了仇恨。

3 gender   

n.（生理上的）性，（名词、代词等的）性

参考例句：

• French differs from English in having gender for all nouns.法语不同于英语，所有的名词都有性。
• Women are sometimes denied opportunities solely because of their gender.妇女有时仅仅因为性别而无法获得种种机会。

4 remarkable   

adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的

参考例句：

• She has made remarkable headway in her writing skills.她在写作技巧方面有了长足进步。
• These cars are remarkable for the quietness of their engines.这些汽车因发动机没有噪音而不同凡响。

5 phenomena   

n.现象

参考例句：

• Ade couldn't relate the phenomena with any theory he knew.艾德无法用他所知道的任何理论来解释这种现象。
• The object of these experiments was to find the connection,if any,between the two phenomena.这些实验的目的就是探索这两种现象之间的联系，如果存在着任何联系的话。

6 relatively   

adv.比较...地，相对地

参考例句：

• The rabbit is a relatively recent introduction in Australia.兔子是相对较新引入澳大利亚的物种。
• The operation was relatively painless.手术相对来说不痛。

7 adulthood   

n.成年，成人期

参考例句：

• Some infantile actions survive into adulthood.某些婴儿期的行为一直保持到成年期。
• Few people nowadays are able to maintain friendships into adulthood.如今很少有人能将友谊维持到成年。

8 biases   

偏见( bias的名词复数 )； 偏爱； 特殊能力； 斜纹

参考例句：

• Stereotypes represent designer or researcher biases and assumptions, rather than factual data. 它代表设计师或者研究者的偏见和假设，而不是实际的数据。 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓
• The net effect of biases on international comparisons is easily summarized. 偏差对国际比较的基本影响容易概括。

9 integration   

n.一体化，联合，结合

参考例句：

• We are working to bring about closer political integration in the EU.我们正在努力实现欧盟內部更加紧密的政治一体化。
• This was the greatest event in the annals of European integration.这是欧洲统一史上最重大的事件。

10 sensory   

adj.知觉的，感觉的，知觉器官的

参考例句：

• Human powers of sensory discrimination are limited.人类感官分辨能力有限。
• The sensory system may undergo long-term adaptation in alien environments.感觉系统对陌生的环境可能经过长时期才能适应。

11 cognitive   

adj.认知的，认识的，有感知的

参考例句：

• As children grow older,their cognitive processes become sharper.孩子们越长越大，他们的认知过程变得更为敏锐。
• The cognitive psychologist is like the tinker who wants to know how a clock works.认知心理学者倒很像一个需要通晓钟表如何运转的钟表修理匠。