四级考试语法基础精讲:定语从句

 四级考试语法基础精讲:定语从句

定语从句的概念，在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。

例如： 1) The man who lives next to us is a fool¹.

2) You must buy me the house which is near Xiangshan.

上面两句中的the man和the house是定语从句所修饰的词，叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。

二、关系词（连接词）

1．关系代词引导的定语从句

引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词：that, which, who (宾格whom, 所有格whose) 和关系副词where, when, why。关系词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时还做定语从句的一个成分。

2．关于that, which的用法注意点

1）只能用that，不用which作为定语从句关系代词的情况

a）不定代词，如anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few², any, little等作先行词

There is nothing that I can do.

I mean the one that was³ bought yesterday.

b）先行词有the only, the very, the same, the last修饰

This is the very book that I want to find.

The last place that I visited was the hospital.

c）先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时

This is the first composition⁴ that he has written in English.

d）先行词既有人，又有物时

He talked about the teachers and schools that he had⁵ visited.

2）不用that, 只用which的情况

a）引导非限定性定语从句时which

The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous⁶ here.

b）介词后用which

We depend⁷ on the land⁸ from which we get our food.

3．关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。

1）先行词是表示地点名词时（country, school, room…），而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当地点状语，一般用where引导定语从句。也可以用介词+which的结构。值得注意的是which前的介词选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。

Beijing is the place in which (=where) I was born⁹.

He wants to find the place in which (=where) he lived forty years ago.

2）先行词是表示时间名词时（year, month, day, night…），而关系词代替先行词在定语

从句中充当时间状语，一般用when引导定语从句。也可以用介词+which的结构。值得注意的是when前的介词选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。

His father died¹⁰ that year in which (=when) he was born.

I cannot forget the first day on which (=when) my family moved into the city.

3）先行词是the reason¹¹，而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当原因状语，一般用why引导定语从句。也可以用for + which的结构。

Is this the reason for which (why) he refused our offer¹²?

但是这里要指出的是，如果介词和Which搭配在一起并不表示以上三种意思，则我们只能保留介词+Which的形式。如 I know English in which I wrote¹³ the love letter.

4．判断关系代词与关系副词采集者退散

方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要

求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。

判断改错：

（ ） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.

（ ） This is the mountain village which I visited last year.

（ ） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside¹⁴.

（ ） I'll never forget the days which I spent in the countryside.

1 fool   

n.愚人，受骗者，奶油拌水果；vt.愚弄，欺骗，浪费；vi.干傻事，开玩笑

参考例句：

• He spent all his money,he is such a fool.他这样傻，花光了所有的钱。
• Some people act the fool now and then.有些人时常装傻。

2 few   

adj.很少的，不多的，少数的；int.少数的

参考例句：

• There are few woods in that area.那个地区几乎没有森林。
• I have a few questions.我有些问题要问你。

3 was   

v.(is,am的过去式)是，在

参考例句：

• He said he was right.他说他是正确的。
• He was cold and hungry.他又冷又饿。

4 composition   

n.构成，成分；作文，作曲；(音乐等)作品

参考例句：

• He played a piece of music of his own composition.他演奏了一首自己创作的曲子。
• His composition has improved.他的作文有进步。

5 had   

vbl.have的过去式和过去分词；conj.有

参考例句：

• I just had a good idea!我有个好主意！
• The boy had a small branch of a tree in his hand.这个男孩手上拿一条小树枝。

6 famous   

adj.著名的，驰名的，闻名遐迩的；极好的；擅长的

参考例句：

• The hotel is famous for its suppers.那个酒店以晚餐而著称。
• He is famous for his learning.他以有学问而出名。

7 depend   

vi.依靠，相信，指望

参考例句：

• All living things depend on the sun for their growth.万物靠太阳生长。
• You may depend on it that he will help you.你可以指望他来帮助你。

8 land   

n.陆地，国土，土地；v.登陆，登岸，卸货

参考例句：

• Farmers work on the land.农民在土地上干活。
• How long is it before we land?我们还有多长时间降落？

9 born   

v.动词bear的过去分词；adj.出生的，与生俱来的

参考例句：

• The baby can cry as soon as he is born.婴儿生下来就会哭。
• I feel as if I had been born again.我有一种再生之感。

10 died   

vbl.死亡，消逝v.死亡，枯萎( die的过去式和过去分词 )；死时处于（某种状态）或具有（某种身份）adj.死亡的，消逝的

参考例句：

• He was banished to Australia, where he died five years later. 他被流放到澳大利亚，五年后在那里去世。
• He was utterly bereft when his wife died. 他的妻子去世时，他十分凄凉。

11 reason   

n.原因，理由，理智，道理；v.劝说，推理

参考例句：

• That is the reason why we must go now.那就是我们现在必须走的理由。
• The reason for the flood was that heavy rain.水灾是那场大雨造成的。

12 offer   

n.出价，提议；vt.提供，出价；贡献，奉献；vi.提议；出现；求婚

参考例句：

• She chose to accept his offer.她决定接受他的提议。
• It was friendly of him to offer his help.他提供帮助真是太好了。

13 wrote   

v.（write的过去式）写

参考例句：

• She wrote the music and he wrote the book.她作曲子，他写歌词。
• He wrote back that he was too busy to join us.他回信说他太忙不能参加我们的活动。

14 countryside   

n.乡下；农村

参考例句：

• He's just come from the countryside.他刚从乡下来。
• He's going to work in the countryside.他将要到农村去工作。