[00:01.00]Module 2
[00:06.96]LISTENING AND SPEAKING
[00:09.39]4 Listen again and answer the questions.
[00:14.28]Speaker 1
[00:56.31]Speaker 2
[01:37.48]Speaker 3
[02:20.99]Speaker 4
[03:08.90]Speaker 5
[03:49.82]PRONUNCIATION
[03:54.87]1 Listen to the underlined sounds in these sentences.
[04:00.44]1 I got stuck again in the traffic.
[04:06.78]2 They seemed to know each other.
[04:12.61]3 ... and we still couldn't move.
[04:19.61]4 It was just ridiculous.
[04:26.47]5 They don't wait for the green light to pass.
[04:33.59]Now say the sentences aloud.
[04:38.90]3 Say these sentences aloud.
[04:46.54]Make sure you pronounce the underlined sounds correctly.
[04:51.98]Now listen and check.
[04:55.73]1 They seemed to know each other.
[05:01.43]2 ... and we still couldn't move.
[05:08.42]3 It was just ridiculous.
[05:14.38]4 They don't wait for the green light to pass.
[05:21.50]5 Why not build more underground lines?
[05:29.01]6 ...which then came to a complete stop.
[05:34.97]CULTURAL CORNER
[05:39.89]Answer these questions.
[05:41.57]1 What is a congestion charge?
[05:46.75]2 Would a congestion charge be a good idea in your town?
[05:53.74]The London Congestion Charge
[05:57.11]Beijing isn't the only city with traffic problems.
[06:01.90]You can get stuck in a traffic jam anywhere in the world.
[06:06.30]The worst problems occur in cities which are growing fast,
[06:10.92]such as Sao Paolo in Brazil and Lagos in Nigeria.
[06:16.62]But even the cities in developed countries such as the US suffer.
[06:22.06]Los Angeles,which was built with the motor car in mind,
[06:26.25]and is famous for its six-lane highways,
[06:29.14]is now the USA's most congested city.
[06:33.89]In Europe most capital cities were planned and built before cars,
[06:39.50]and city centre traffic jams
[06:41.76]have been part of daily life for a long time.
[06:45.28]The situation in central London,
[06:48.09]where drivers spent fifty percent of their time in queues,
[06:52.40]became so bad that the local government decided to do something about it.
[06:58.14]In February 2003 the Mayor of London,Ken Livingstone,
[07:03.67]introduced a "congestion charge" --
[07:06.78]a tax for cars entering the centre of the city.
[07:11.01]The idea is simple: every car coming into the centre has to pay ￡5 a day.
[07:18.82]Drivers can pay the charge at any of 10,000 pay points in the capital
[07:24.21]before 10 pm.
[07:26.50]As the cars come into the centre,
[07:29.14]video cameras record their registration numbers,
[07:32.81]and these are checked with a list of drivers
[07:35.52]who have paid the charge for that day.
[07:38.29]People who do not pay the charge will face a fine of 80 pounds.
[07:44.29]Most Londoners are not happy with the idea.
[07:47.95]They agree that London has a traffic problem,
[07:51.28]but the congestion charge is expensive, and limits their freedom...
[07:56.54]But does the congestion charge work?
[08:00.21]A survey carried out at the end of 2003 suggests it does.
[08:06.43]After only six months,
[08:08.63]traffic coming into central London was reduced by about 30 percent,
[08:14.03]and journey times by 15 percent.
[08:17.56]More people used public transport to get to work,
[08:21.41]and bicycles were suddenly very popular.
[08:24.69]What's more,
[08:25.81]central London shops did not lose business even though there were fewer cars.
[08:32.33]But there are a few people who think the charge should be much higher,
[08:37.46]for example rich businessmen who work in the city centre
[08:41.65]and can easily afford it .
[08:43.90]This would keep even more cars out of central London,
[08:47.52]and the roads would be nearly empty.
[08:50.37]However,there are no plans to increase the charge.
[08:58.01]Module 2 Words and Expressions
[09:02.36]trolleybus n. 电车
[09:04.67]be connected to 与...相连
[09:08.65]wire n. 电线
[09:12.17]suburban a.郊区的 ; 市郊的
[09:15.40]be/get stuck in 被困在…
[09:23.98]in no time 马上; 一会儿
[09:27.63]display vt. 展示 ; 陈列
[09:32.30]cab n.出租汽车 ; 计程车
[09:36.00]permit n.执照 ; 许可证
[09:39.34]receipt n.收据
[09:43.66]get around 到处旅行， 四处走动
[09:47.11]fare n.车费
[09:50.88]air-conditioned a.带空调的
[09:54.93]limit vt.限制
[09:59.02]destionation n.目的地；终点
[10:02.42]impressive a.给人印象深刻的
[10:06.23]route n.路线
[10:09.96]double-decker n.双层公共汽车
[10:13.17]provide vt. 提供
[10:17.38]underconstruction 正在建设之中
[10:20.81]convenient a. 方便的
[10:24.79]pedal vt&vi.骑车 ; 踩...的踏
[10:28.48]tricycle n.三轮脚踏车
[10:32.05]single n.单程票
[10:35.27]return n.往返票
[10:39.20]explore vt. 探索
[10:42.15]roadwork n.(常作复数) 施工
[10:46.04]switch off 关上(电灯,电视等), 断掉(电源)
[10:49.72]keep cool 保持冷静
[10:53.31]blow vt.吹响 (乐器,号角等)
[10:56.74]horn n. 喇叭; 号角
[11:00.02]react vi. 反应
[11:03.25]solution n.解答; 答案
[11:06.42]mood n. 心情; 心境
[11:10.06]no way (俚语) 肯定不 ; 没门儿
[11:13.72]congestion n. 拥塞; 堆积
[11:17.53]registration n.执照; 登记
[11:21.70]Module 3 Body Language and Non-verbal Communication
[11:31.13]INTRODUCTION
[11:32.54]Speaking and listening
[11:34.75]2 Listen and match the situations with the pictures.
[12:42.89]READING AND VOCABULARY
[12:48.20]1 Read the passage and choose the best title.
[12:54.03]If you say the word "communication",
[12:57.83]most people think of words and sentences.
[13:01.71]Although these are very important,
[13:04.47]we communicate with more than just spoken and written words.
[13:09.44]Indeed,body positions are part of what we call "body language".
[13:15.01]We see examples of unconscious body language very often,
[13:19.71]yet there is also"learned" body language,
[13:23.16]which varies from culture to culture.
[13:26.36]We use "learned" body language when we are introduced to strangers.
[13:32.57]Like other animals, we are on guard until we know it is safe to relax.
[13:38.75]So every culture has developed a formal way to greet strangers,
[13:43.49]to show them we are not aggressive.
[13:46.56]Traditionally, Europeans and Americans shake hands.
[13:52.13]They do this with the right hand--the strongest hand for most people.
[13:57.95]If our right hand is busy greeting someone,it cannot be holding a weapon.
[14:04.08]So the gesture is saying,"I trust you.
[14:07.75]Look,I'm not carrying a threatening weapon."
[14:11.81]If you shake hands with someone,you show you trust them.
[14:16.12]We shake hands when we make a deal.
[14:18.97]It means,"We agree and we trust each other."
[14:24.02]Greetings in Asian countries do not involve touching the other person,
[14:29.51]but they always involve the hands.
[14:32.91]Traditionally in China,when we greet someone,
[14:36.58]we put the right hand over the left and bow slightly.
[14:41.42]Muslims give a "salaam",where they touch their heart,
[14:45.73]mouth and forehead.
[14:47.98]Hindus join their hands and bow their heads in respect.
[14:52.86]In all of these examples,
[14:55.01]the hands are busy with the greeting and cannot hold a weapon.
[15:00.06]Even today,when some people have very informal styles of greeting,
[15:05.16]they still use their hands as a gesture of trust.
[15:09.39]American youths often greet each other with the expression,
[15:13.53]"Give me five!"
[15:15.30]One person then holds up his hand, palm outwards and five fingers spread.
[15:21.86]The other person raises his hand and slaps the other's open hand
[15:27.39]above the head in a "high five".
[15:30.80]Nowadays,it is quite a common greeting.
[15:34.90]Body language is fascinating for anyone to study.
[15:39.47]People give away much more by their gestures than by their words.
[15:45.17]Look at your friends and family and see if you are a mind reader!
[15:52.55]Now work in pairs.Say which title you chose, and why.
[16:01.75]LISTENING AND VOCABULARY
[16:03.99]3 Listen to a conversation between an American
[16:08.74]and a Chinese student who is going to the US.
[16:12.36]Number the topics in the order they talk about them.
[18:52.89]Now work in pairs.Check your answers.
[19:01.91]PRONUNCIATION
[19:03.91]1 Listen to this speaker with an American accent.
[19:09.17]When you're invited to someone's home,
[19:13.14]it's a good idea to bring a gift for your host.
[19:17.05]It doesn't have to be something expensive,
[19:20.53]perhaps some flowers or a bottle of wine.
[19:23.87]If you have a meal,
[19:26.42]don't start eating before everyone else is served.
[19:30.13]And whatever you do,
[19:31.73]don't leave immediately after the meal is finished.
[19:35.45]Now listen to this speaker with a British accent.
[19:41.72]What do you notice a these sounds in American pronunciation?
[19:46.29]/t/ /╛/ /r/ /a:/
[19:52.68]When you're invited to someone's home,
[19:55.52]it's a good idea to bring a gift for your host.
[19:58.79]It doesn't have to be something expensive,
[20:01.54]perhaps some flowers or a bottle of wine.
[20:05.07]If you have a meal,
[20:07.41]don't start eating before everyone else is served.
[20:11.47]And whatever you do,
[20:13.48]don't leave immediately after the meal is finished.
[20:21.76]2 Listen to these speakers.
[20:26.06]Do they speak in an American (US) or a British (UK) accent?
[20:33.18]Speaker 1
[20:35.52]It's best to avoid any heavy-going conversation topics.
[20:40.97]So avoid politics or religion completely.
[20:45.45]If your mind goes blank,try not to panic.
[20:50.13]Speaker 2
[20:53.06]And it's usual for people to open gifts when they receive them,
[20:57.20]so don't be surprised.
[20:59.41]That's the way we do things...
[21:03.88]Speaker 3
[21:05.84]But when you leave,
[21:07.76]be sure to thank your host for a wonderful evening.
[21:11.27]Oh,and one last thing to remember: Have a great time!
[21:18.21]CULTURAL CORNER
[21:20.69]Read the passage and answer the questions.
[21:23.71]1 Why do people clap?
[21:26.90]2 When do people clap in China?
[21:32.39]Clapping
[21:33.84]Why do we clap? To show we like something,of course.
[21:39.50]But we don't clap at the end of a television programme or a book,
[21:44.00]however good they are.
[21:45.81]We clap at the end of a live performance,
[21:49.11]such as a play,or a concert,to say thank you to the performers.
[21:54.83]First they give,and then we give.
[21:58.97]Without us --the audience --the performance would not be complete.
[22:04.59]The custom of clapping has early beginnings.
[22:09.10]In classical Athens,applause meant judgement and taking part.
[22:15.68]Plays were often in competition with each other,
[22:19.54]and prolonged clapping helped a play to win.
[22:23.21]The theatre was large -- it could hold 14,000 people,
[22:30.05]half the adult male population of the city,
[22:34.04]which meant that the audience could make a lot of noise.
[22:38.06]Applause was a sign of being part of the community,
[22:43.11]and of equality between actors and audience.
[22:47.47]The important thing was to make the noise together,
[22:51.72]to add one's own small handclap to others.
[22:55.61]Clapping is social, like laughter:
[22:59.75]you don't very often clap or laugh out loud alone.
[23:04.44]It is like laughter in another way,too:
[23:08.19]it is infectious, and spreads very quickly.
[23:12.44]Clapping at concerts and theatres is a universal habit.
[23:18.19]But some occasions on which people clap change from one country to another.
[23:24.45]For example,in Britain people clap at a wedding,
[23:29.53]but in Italy they sometimes clap at a funeral.
[23:37.34]Module 3 Words and Expressions
[23:43.27]communication n.交流;
[23:47.22]communicate vi.(用语言、信号) 传递信息 ; 交流
[23:51.34]unconscious a.无意的 ;不知不觉的
[23:54.90]vary vi. 变化
[23:58.63]on guard (保持) 警惕
[24:02.49]formal a. 正式的
[24:06.42]aggressive a. 攻击的; 挑斗的; 挑衅的
[24:11.25]traditionally adv.传统地
[24:15.44]weapon n.武器
[24:19.60]gesture n. 姿势; 姿态
[24:22.95]threatening a.恐吓的 ; 具有威胁的
[24:26.95]deal n. 协议; 交易
[24:31.80]make a deal 达成协议; 做成交易
[24:36.77]involve vt. 包括
[24:40.40]slightly adv.轻微地 ; 稍微
[24:44.70]Muslim n. (常作复数) 穆斯林
[24:49.02]salaam n.(穆斯林的) 额手礼(用右手抚 额鞠躬的礼节)
[24:52.90]forehead n.前额
[24:57.72]Hindu n.印度人
[25:01.48]bow vi.鞠躬
[25:05.61]informal a.非正式的
[25:09.81]youth n.年轻人
[25:13.64]hold up 举起
[25:17.43]palm n.手掌
[25:21.72]spread vi.(spread,spread) 张开
[25:25.77]slap vt. 掌击
[25:30.31]give away 暴露 (自己的情况)
[25:35.02]mindreader n.(自称或被认 为)能看透别人心 思的人
[25:38.72]conscious a.意识到的 ; 自觉的
[25:43.13]ankle n.脚踝
[25:47.15]eyebrow n.眉毛
[25:51.40]lip n.嘴唇
[25:55.20]wrist n. 手腕
[25:58.86]bend vt.(bent,bent) 弯腰
[26:02.91]hug vt.紧抱; 拥抱
[26:06.55]stare vi. 凝视; 盯着看
[26:09.89]wipe vt.擦； 抹; 揩
[26:13.89]lift up 举起
[26:17.40]up and down 一上一下地
[26:21.47]religion n. 宗教
[26:24.71]host n. 主人
[26:28.76]by accident 偶然地
[26:33.84]toast n. 祝酒; 干杯
[26:37.29]sip/sip/ n. 一抿之量; 小 口 喝
[26:42.06]blank adj. 空白 的
[26:45.45]panic v. 恐慌 ; 惊慌
[26:50.65]rude a. 粗鲁的 ; 无礼的
[26:53.68]say hello to 向 …… 问好
[26:57.90]switch on 打开(灯、 无线电等)
[27:01.90]invitation n. 邀请
[27:06.07]request n. 请求; 要求
[27:10.43]RSVP (请帖等用语) 请答复
[27:14.71]favour n. 恩惠 ; 善意的行为
[27:18.93]live a. 现场的
[27:23.26]peformance n. 表演
[27:27.53]performer n. 表演者
[27:30.37]classical a. 古典的； 古代的
[27:33.59]applause n. 掌声
[27:37.90]judgement n. 判断; 意见
[27:41.97]prolong vt. 延长
[27:46.18]equality n. 平等
[27:50.00]handclap n. 拍手
[27:54.63]social a. 社会的
[27:58.72]infectious a.有感染性的
[28:02.40]funeral n. 葬礼
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