Science was conducted in a totally different way. In those days, in fact since the days of Claude Bernard, the Frech physiologist who first showed the glycogenic action of the pancreas, when observed a physiological phenomenon, and then one try to detect the factors, enzymes, hormones responsible for it whereas today, by and large, you see other way around. First enzyme proteins are discovered, then with the completion of I don't know how many geno sequencing projects, hundreds are being discovered. And then by overexpressing them, knocking them in and out, one tries to determine their function. So to paraphrase B D, we went from 6 functions in search of an enzyme, to hundreds of enzymes and protein in search of a function. 

 

Thanks for the minutes, for Scientific American's sixty second science from the Lindau Nobel Laureate meeting. I'm Steve Mirsky.