[00:03.89]You will hear three pieces of recorded material.
[00:08.75]Before listening to each one,
[00:12.90]you will have time to read the questions related to it.
[00:17.55]While listening,
[00:20.72]answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D.
[00:26.36]After listening,you'll have time to check your answers.
[00:31.82]You will hear each piece once only.
[00:36.18]Questions 11-13 are based on the following radio program talking about Tree Pruning
[00:47.96]M:Trees should only be pruned when there's a good and clear reanson for doing so
[00:56.06]and fortunately,the number of such reasons is small.
[01:01.41]Pruning involves the cutting away of overgrown and unwanted branches,
[01:07.79]and the inexperienced gardener can be encouraged by the thought
[01:13.25]that more damage results from doing it unnecessarily
[01:18.60]than from leaving the tree to grow in its own way.
[01:23.46]First,pruning may be done to make the tree healthier
[01:28.79]You may cut out diseased or dead wood,
[01:33.65]or branches that are rubbing against each other and thus causing wounds.
[01:39.81]The health of a tree may be encouraged by removing branches
[01:45.77]that are blocking up the centre
[01:49.61]and so preventing the free movement of air.
[01:54.18]Secondly,one result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree
[02:01.23]and this provides an easy entry for disease
[02:06.20]but it's a wound that'll heal.
[02:10.56]Often there's a race between the healing
[02:15.00]and the disease as to whether the tree'll live or die,
[02:20.56]so that there is a period when the tree is at risk.
[02:25.42]It should be the aim of
[02:28.58]every gardener to reduce that risk of death as far as possible.
[02:34.33]It's essential to make the area which has been pruned smooth and clean,
[02:40.50]for healing'll be slowed down by roughness.
[02:45.25]You should allow the cut surface to dry for a few hours
[02:50.42]and then paint it with one of the substances available from garden shops
[02:56.88]produced especially for this purpose.
[03:01.45]Pruning is usually done in winter,
[03:05.29]for then you can see the shape of the tree clearly
[03:09.86]without interference from the leaves
[03:13.62]and it is,too,very unlikely that the cuts you make will bleed.
[03:19.78]If this does happen,it's,of course,impossible to paint them properly.
[03:26.16]M:Questions 14-16 are based on the following monologue.
[03:37.31]W:We have saved as a final set of emotions
[03:43.32]the two most important emotions pertaining to other people:
[03:48.68]love and its opposite,hate.
[03:52.83]Love can be seen everywhere.Yet surprisingly,
[03:57.79]love has been the subject of less scientific research than other emotions,
[04:04.17]such as anger and fear
[04:07.93]The reason for this may be two fold.
[04:11.90]First,love is a very complex emotion,
[04:16.86]difficult to describe and measure.
[04:21.02]Secondly,unlike many extreme emotions,
[04:25.56]extreme love is generally not a problem;
[04:30.13]thus less medical attention has been paid to it.
[04:34.68]What is love?
[04:37.55]This is a complex question and requires a complex answer.
[04:43.30]Love is an enduring,strong,positive attraction
[04:48.55]and feeling for another person or thing,
[04:52.62]but it is more than this.
[04:55.97]It also involves feelings of caring,protection,excitement,and tenderness.
[05:03.41]When two people are in love,they feel drawn to one another;
[05:08.87]they greatly enjoy each other's company;and
[05:13.42]they may be sexually attracted to one another.
[05:17.88]Sometimes it's easier to think in terms of different kinds of love:
[05:23.74]"puppy"love,romantic love,brotherly love, and so forth.
[05:28.70]Though they differ in some respects,they share one important characteristic:
[05:34.76]a strong positive feeling toward another
[05:39.80]Our feelings toward other people are often complex.
[05:44.84]We may love someone and,at the same time,be angry with him.
[05:50.41]Or we may love someone even though we are jealous of him.
[05:55.37]We might even love someone and,at the same time,hate for some specific reason.
[06:02.21]"Hate is a strong negative emotion toward someone,and is due
[06:08.17]to anger,jealousy,or some other factor.
[06:12.43]Like love,hate can be a very strong emotion.
[06:17.70]It can also be very dangerous.
[06:21.54]The question is often asked."Is it bad to hate?"
[06:26.61]The best answer is probably "sometimes yes and sometimes no."
[06:32.46]Usually hate does not help us;
[06:37.14]it makes us feel unhappy and makes us do things that may hurt others.
[06:43.30]However,sometimes it may be necessary to hate
[06:48.37]and hurt someone in order to protect loved ones.
[06:53.41]Questions 17-20 are based on a conversation about Scientists' Views.
[07:00.26]You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17-20.
[07:05.82]M:One of the most widely accepted theories...
[07:12.25]um.. now,on the origins of the universe
[07:17.32]is the so-called 'big bang theory. . .um . .
[07:22.17]it sees the universe as originally what's known as a cosmic egg...um...
[07:28.52]W:What sort of size of that?
[07:32.28]M:Well...in comparison with the universe now it would have been tiny
[07:38.24]minute... umm...W:And then how did the universe come out of this egg?
[07:44.80]M:Again,this is supposition,
[07:48.56]a huge explosion took place which sent material from the egg...
[07:54.51]umm...nexpanded the material...um...
[07:59.69]which gradually cooled off as it expanded.
[08:04.05]W:Mmm...what sort of material was it that formed the universe?
[08:09.80]M:It would have been small particles,electrons,
[08:14.45]protons,neutrons which,as they expanded...er...
[08:20.01]certain pockets of the material would condense,
[08:24.66]into what are now the stars,the planets,and...
[08:29.10]W:Yeah,I see,and according to this theory then the universe's still actually expanding?
[08:36.94]M:Yes,it is...umm...
[08:41.30]and it'll eventually the scientists believe come to a stop.
[08:46.94]and,once it does come to a stop,it'll begin contracting...umm...
[08:53.79]the whole procedure'll reverse through gravity
[08:58.75]so that the whole universe'll collapse back into itself...umm...
[09:04.81]into its original state again as a cosmic egg.
[09:09.85]W:Are you saying the whole process is going to start again then?
[09:15.62]M:This is what the scientists say,yes...yes. W:I see.
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