考试日期：

2013年2月16日

Reading Passage 1

Title:

新手，熟练工和专家

Question types:

判断True/False/Not Given;

填空

文章内容回顾

第一篇是说一个“novice”怎么成为一个“expert”, 并且举例说明两者在看待及解决问题上的差别。还讲述对expertise掌握程度研究，从novice到journeyman然后蜕变到expert的过程。另外也提到了一些researchers和theorists, they are better in making predictions than experts.

旧文P1=V070908

英文原文阅读

Expertise research shows quite ambiguous results on the abilities of experts in judgment and decision making (JDM) classic models cannot account for. This problem becomes even more accentuated if different levels of expertise are considered. We argue that parallel constraint satisfaction models (PCS) might be a useful base to understand the processes underlying expert JDM and the hitherto existing, differentiated results from expertise research. It is outlined how expertise might influence model parameters and mental representations according to PCS. It is discussed how this differential impact of expertise on model parameters relates to empirical results showing quite different courses in the development of expertise; allowing, for example, to predict under which conditions intermediates might outperform experts. Methodological requirements for testing the proposed unifying theory under complex real-world conditions are discussed.

In support one theory, a study demonstrates that entrepreneurial experts frame decisions using an “effectual” logic (identify more potential markets, focus more on building the venture as a whole, pay less attention to predictive information, worry more about making do with resources on hand to invest only what they could afford to lose, and emphasize stitching together networks of partnerships); while novices use a “predictive frame” and tend to “go by the textbook.” We asked 27 expert entrepreneurs and 37 MBA students to think aloud continuously as they solved typical decision-making problems in creating a new venture. Transcriptions were analyzed using methods from cognitive science. Results showed that expert entrepreneurs framed problems in a dramatically different way than MBA students.

题型难度分析

判断题难度不大，区分FALSE和NOT GIVEN是关键

题型技巧分析

是非无判断题是上半年度的重点题型，有顺序原则。

注意看清是TRUE还是YES, 本篇是TRUE/ FALSE/ NOT GIVEN

解题步骤：

1. 速读句子，找出考点词（容易有问题的部分）。考点词：比较级，最高级，数据（时间），程度副词，特殊形容词，绝对化的词（only, most, each, any, every, the same as等）

2. 排除考点词，在余下的词中找定位词，去原文定位。

3. 重点考察考点词是否有提及，是否正确。

TRUE的原则是同义替换，至少有一组近义词。

FALSE是题目和原文截然相反，不可共存，通常有至少一组反义词。

NOT GIVEN原文未提及，不做任何推断，尤其多考察题目的主语等名词在原文是否有提及。

4. 通读所有段落，依次寻找答案

因为每段都会有答案，因此现在所需要做的事情就是到每段去找答案。要注意在选出信息后，要在选出的段落上做上记号，以免浪费时间。

剑桥雅思推荐原文练习

剑6 Motivating Employees under Adverse Conditions

Reading Passage 2

Title:

鳄鱼的进化the crocodile’s evolution

Question types:

段落大意 Heading

填空

配对

文章内容回顾

详细讲述了crocodiles的生活习惯，如何控制自己的温度以及喜欢的生存环境等。包括提到鳄鱼的特点、历史以及对两组处在不同水供给环境下的生存情况对比。

旧文P2=V09121

英文原文阅读

Early and extinct forms of crocodiles are called Crocodilia. They descended from psuedosuchians who walked on their hind legs, and lived during the late Triassic period. The skull of the crocodile still resembles in many ways those of the primitive archosaurs. Their bodies, however, developed the external appearance of the phytosaurs because of their aquatic lifestyle. The crocodile is the only archosaur that survived the still unknown factors that wiped out most of the reptile class at the end of the Mesozoic period. Though modern crocodiles walk on 4 legs, their two legged ancestry is revealed by their hind legs which are longer than the front legs, making them slant forward when they stand. The crocodilian skull still carries a basically archosaurean shape. It has a rather long, pointed skull, especially in the fish eating species of crocodiles.

The biggest, most prominent change in the crocodile since its early days is to the palate. The palate is the flat bony part at the roof of the mouth. In phytosaurs, the nostril holes in the palate are located under the outer nostrils, which were shifted to the far back of their snout. However in crocodiles, the nostrils are located at the front of the snout. This caused a problem in keeping the breathing passages from filling with water. Millions of years of evolution solved this problem. A second palate was formed, channeling the air above the mouth and into the throat passageway, where it can be opened and closed by a special flap or valve of skin. Crocodiles are actually classified on the basis of how far back their secondary palate extends, ranging from those who have no secondary palate to those with a fully formed palate separating the air they breathe from the water in their mouths.

The first crocodilians were called Protosuchians, living during the late Triassic to early Jurassic times. The difference between these and modern crocodiles is in the legs. The Protosuchians had very strong overdeveloped legs, which were set at right angles to the body. These allowed the animal to carry itself higher off the ground and probably gave them much more speed than their modern day counterparts. These legs also lead scientists to believe that these reptiles mostly lived on land. Beginning in the Jurassic period, the crocodilians quickly filled the gap of the extinct phytosaurs, becoming large and fully aquatic reptiles. The Mesosuchians were the next evolution of the protosuchians and lived during the Jurassic period and beyond. These reptiles had not yet developed a secondary palate, but were much more adapted to aquatic life than its predecessor. They had strong armor plating, made from a series of paired large bones on their back with smaller plates on its undersides. They spread throughout the land and lived in fresh water, though some adapted for sea life. These were called Geosaurs. Geosaurs lost their bony armor, their legs modified into paddles and their tail tips turned down, similar to the ichthyosaurs. Our modern crocodile appeared during the Cretaceous period, living side by side with the Mesosuchiansun until they were displaced in the early Tertiary times.

题型难度分析

Heading题考察skim能力，难度不大，但得分率不高。

题型技巧分析

标题配对题（List of headings）是雅思阅读中的一种重要题型，要求给段落找小标题。它一般位于文章之前，由两部分组成：一部分是选项，另一部分是段落编号，要求给各个段落找到与它对应的选项，即表达了该段中心思想的选项，有时还会举一个例子。当然，例子中的选项是不会作为答案的。

解题思路：

1. 将例子所对应的选项及段落标号划去

2. 划出选项中的关键词及概念性名词

3. 浏览文章，抓住各段的主题句和核心词（尤其是反复出现的核心词），重点关注段落首句、第二句与末句

4. 与段落主题句同义或包含段落核心词的选项为正确答案

剑桥雅思推荐原文练习

剑7 Ant Intelligence

Reading Passage 3

Title:

音乐的起源和影响

Question types:

判断Yes/No/Not Given

配对

文章内容回顾

主要是一个专家的研究成果，关于音乐的起源和影响。描述音乐和语言之间的联系和关系。Blacking Mitten是其中一个重要人物。

英文原文阅读

We can only guess as to how music was created in the primitive psyche of the time. What follows is pretty much my guess.

Early man most likely took some interest in the sounds around him, in some cases it meant life or death, as in the roar of a tiger, or it was pleasing to the ear, as in a bird singing away. I can imagine that after a successful hunt, the hunters would prance and growl around a fire emulating the sounds of the fierce beast they had just slain. They might even have started hitting sticks together in an attempt to emulate the sounds of their clubs thumping dully upon the head of some prey, or the hollow melon sound of a neighbor’s skull when they were fighting amongst themselves over some chunk of meat, or for the best looking mate. The former most likely, due to the fact that the latter would be a six of one half dozen of the other proposition, cosmetics having yet to be invented.

In any case, as far as the origin of music is concerned, drums were probably the first primitive music instrument if we remove the human voicefrom the equation.

The Encyclopedia Britannica states "Drums appear with wide geographic distribution in archaeological excavations from Neolithic times onward; one excavated in Moravia is dated at 6000 BC. Early drums consisted of a section of hollowed tree trunk covered at one end with reptile or fish skin and were struck with the hands. Later, the skin was taken from hunted game or cattle, and sticks were used. The double-headed drum came later, as did pottery drums in various shapes”. Basically “Bangin' on the bongos like a chimpanzee¹” was probably our first artistic expression in the realm of music. (¹ Money for Nothing—Dire Straits)

The next logical step up from percussion instruments may have been in the woodwind or string family. Imagine a primitive man fascinated by the sound of the wind blowing over some hollow reed, then recreating the effect for his fellow villagers at the next log bashing party, what a hit he would have been! Regular life of the party, such as it was.

Panpipes would have been an easy progression for the primitive mind of the time, stick a bunch of varying length reeds together and voila, let the good times roll. The move from the panpipe to the flute must have taken a much greater leap of faith for the period, yet wooden and bone flutes discovered in china have been dated as far back as 9,000 years ago, and one bone flute made from mammoth bone dates back 35,000 years and has a 4 note scale comparable to the Do, Re, Mi, Fa, scale that was so adamantly drummed into our little grade school heads.

So some concept of a musical scale existed even if the designer merely chose sounds that were pleasing to him. Still the jump from blowing over a hollow reed to blowing down a tube with graduated fingering holes was a large one.

The string section most likely started when some brave soul realized that the sinews garnered from the animals they hunted had uses beyond the traditional binding and stitching functions. From the simple, primitive musical “twang” of a string stretched on a bow as in the Brazilian “berimbau” to the myriad of complex stringed instruments in use today, from violins, to guitars, to pianos, and the many cultural variations thereof.

Pythagoras was credited with the mathematics of music as we know it today. His followers “The Pythagoreans” were all musicians as well as mathematicians. According to legend, Pythagoras discovered that musical notes could be translated into mathematical equations when passing blacksmiths at work, and thought that the sounds of their anvils being hit were harmonious and decided that the scientific law causing this to happen must be mathematical and could be applied to music. He went to the blacksmiths and discovered that the anvils were simple ratios of each other, one was half the size of the first, another was 2/3 the size, and so on. The music of the time being un-harmonious in his opinion, (probably due to instrument makers using scale pleasing to them with no regard for what others were doing). The legend also has Pythagoras studying the vibrations of a string stretched tightly between two posts, and basing his musical scale on the frequency of the vibration when the string length was changed.

When you attach a string between two posts and pull it tight, you can create sound or musical notes by plucking on the string. The vibration of the string will create a fundamental frequency, according to the length, tension and mass of the string. The string can also vibrate at multiples of its fundamental frequency. These are called harmonics.

If the dimensions of the string or wire are correct, the sound made from plucking the string will be a pleasant musical sound, if they are slightly different, the sound may not be musical and just be a sound. In most cases, the string will vibrate at the fundamental frequency or 1st harmonic. But if you pull the string harder, it can be made to vibrate with a shorter wavelength and higher frequency or the 2nd harmonic, 3rd harmonic or even higher.

Pythagoras and his school did experiments to discover the relations between musical notes. The pitch of a note being played on, say, a guitar depends on:

-The length of the string.

-The tension of the string.

-The material the string is made of.

题型难度分析

判断和配对题是经典的搭配，前者相比之下稍微容易，是应该把握分数之处。

题型技巧分析

段落细节配对难度较大，建议考生放在本篇文章所有题型的最后去做。做时注意切不可逐题去原文整篇文章搜寻答案，这样会导致文章来来回回看很多遍，耗时太长。

1. 划出所有题目的keywords, 同时考虑到有可能出现近义替换的词，有针对性的去原文寻找答案。比如：看到be conscious of立刻想到雅思高频近义替换是be aware of…, 看到reproduce想到copy。

2. 某些题目可以对题目进行细致的分析。平时通过精读多多熟悉文章结构安排，了解行文模式。

3. 做题时以文章为基准，每看一段，浏览题目中的keywords是否与其相关。

剑桥雅思推荐原文练习

剑4 The Aim and Nature of Archaeology

考试趋势分析和备考指导：

1. 此次考试前两篇文章不是很难，大多数考生反应第三篇的长难单词偏多，话题熟悉度不够。整体难度为中上等。

2. 传统题型仍然居多，配对，判断题尤甚，heading次之。小题型中，填空近期常出现。

3. 本次考试的前两篇是旧文章，话题背景知识的积累和普及建立在对机经的回顾上。

4. 考生应多分析剑桥系列中具有代表性的文章，尤其是了解其行文结构。

5. 阅读考试的难度有上升趋势，复习时应选择一些有难度的文章，题目加以练习。