由于化学家们长期在隔绝的环境里工作，形成统一用语的速度很慢。直到19世纪末叶，H2O对一个化学家来说意为水，对另一个化学家来说意为过氧化氢。C2H4可以指乙烯，也可以指沼气。几乎没有哪种分子符号在各地是统一的。

　　化学

　　Scientists also used a bewildering variety of symbols and abbreviations, often self-invented. Sweden’s J.J.Berzelius brought a much-needed measure of order to matters by decreeing that the elements be abbreviated onthe basis of their Greek or Latin names, which is why the abbreviation for iron is Fe (from the Latin ferrum) and that for silver is Ag (from the Latin argentum ). That so many of the other abbreviations accord withtheir English names (N for nitrogen, O for Oxygen, H for hydrogen, and so on) reflects English’s Latinate nature, not its exalted status. To indicate the number of atoms in a molecule, Berzelius employed a superscript notation, as in H2O. Later, for no special reason, the fashion became to render the number as subscript: H2O.

　　化学家们还使用各种令人困惑的符号和缩写，常常是自己发明的。瑞典的J.J.伯采留斯发明了一种非常急需的排列方法，规定元素应当依照其希腊文或拉丁文名字加以缩写。这就是为什么铁的缩写是Fe（源自拉丁文ferrum），银的缩写是Ag（源自拉丁文argentum）。许多别的缩写与英文名字一致（氮是N，氧是O，氢是H等等），这反映了英语的拉丁语支性质，并不是因为它的地位高。为了表示分子里的原子数量，伯采留斯使用了一种上标方法，如H2O。后来，也没有特别的理由，大家流行把数字改为下标，如H2O。