美国国家公共电台 NPR High Demand, Low Supply: Colorado River Water Crisis Hits Across The West（在线收听）

ARI SHAPIRO, HOST: 

For decades, the Colorado River has fed growing cities from Denver to Los Angeles, and a lot of the produce in grocery stores across the country right now was grown with Colorado River water. Now with climate change and severe drought, the river is reaching a crisis point, and communities at either end of it are reacting very differently. We start our report with Grace Hood of Colorado Public Radio.

GRACE HOOD: Just outside of Boulder, Colo., surrounded by an evergreen forest, is Gross Reservoir. Beverly Kurtz and Tim Guenther live just out of eyesight from the giant man-made dam, and that's on purpose.

BEVERLY KURTZ: But I could've built a house that overlooked the reservoir.

HOOD: Do you think this is ugly?

TIM GUENTHER: When it's empty it's really ugly.

KURTZ: No, it's pretty. But that's not the point. It's choking off a wild river, which in my opinion is never a good thing.

HOOD: Kurtz and Guenther have a newfound job in retirement. It's fighting a proposed expansion to Gross Reservoir's dam. The utility that owns it, Denver Water, wants to raise the concrete dam 131 feet.

KURTZ: It doesn't make any sense to build a multi-million dollar dam and disrupt the environment here when down the line, that's not going to solve the problem.

HOOD: The problem is that the state's population will nearly double by 2050. Future residents will need more water. Denver Water's CEO, Jim Lochhead, says more storage is part of the solution. It's also an insurance policy against future drought.

JIM LOCHHEAD: From Denver Water's perspective, if we can't provide clean, reliable, sustainable water a hundred years from now to our customers, we're not doing our job.

HOOD: Demand for Colorado River water is already stretched thin, so it may sound crazy that places like Colorado and Wyoming want to develop more water projects. Legally, that's something they are entitled to do. Pat Tyrrell oversees Wyoming's water rights. The state is studying whether to store more water from a Colorado River tributary.

PAT TYRRELL: We feel we have some room to grow. But we understand that growth comes with risk.

HOOD: Risk because in 10 or 20 years, there may not be enough water to fill up expanded reservoirs. A 16-year drought has dramatically decreased water supply even as demand keeps growing, and climate change could make this picture worse. It makes Tyrrell's job feel impossible.

TYRRELL: You understand the reality today of a low water supply. You also know that you're going to have permit applications coming and to develop more water. What do you do?

HOOD: Tyrrell says as long as water is available, Wyoming will likely keep finding new ways to store it. But a future with less water is coming.

LAUREN SOMMER, BYLINE: I'm Lauren Sommer from KQED in California where that future of cutbacks has already arrived. The water that started in Colorado flows more than a thousand miles to greater Los Angeles, which means even in the sixth year of California's drought, some lawns are still green. But...

JEFFREY KIGHTLINGER: Slowly but surely, the entire supply on Colorado River has become less reliable.

SOMMER: Jeffrey Kightlinger manages the Metropolitan Water District in Southern California. He says the water level in Lake Mead, the biggest reservoir on the river, has been plummeting. An official shortage could be declared next winter.

KIGHTLINGER: And that'll be a historic moment.

SOMMER: It's never happened before. Arizona and Nevada would be forced to cut back on how much water they draw from the river. California would be spared that fate because it has senior water rights. So you wouldn't expect to hear what Kightlinger says next.

KIGHTLINGER: We are having voluntary discussions with Arizona and Nevada about what we would do proactively to help.

SOMMER: Help by giving up water before California has to - between five and 8 percent of its supply. Now, Kightlinger isn't offering this out of the goodness of his heart. If Lake Mead drops too low, the federal government could step in and reallocate all the water, including California's.

KIGHTLINGER: And we all kind of realize that if we model the future and we build in climate change, we can be in a world of hurt if we do nothing.

SOMMER: This idea of cooperation is somewhat revolutionary after years of lawsuits and bad blood.

STEVE BENSON: We know there's a target on our back in the Imperial Valley for the amount of water we use.

SOMMER: Farmer Steve Benson is checking on one of his alfalfa fields near the Mexican border which is being pollinated by a hive of leafcutter bees.

BENSON: These are very nice. They don't bite.

SOMMER: This valley produces two-thirds of the country's vegetables in the winter with water from the Colorado River. In fact, for decades, California used more than its legal share of the river and had to cut back in 2003. This area, the Imperial Irrigation District, took the painful step of transferring some of its water to cities like San Diego. Bruce Kuhn voted on that water transfer as a board member of the district.

BRUCE KUHN: It was the single hardest decision I have ever made in my life.

SOMMER: He ended up casting the deciding vote to share water, which meant some farmers have had to fallow their land.

KUHN: It cost me some friends. I mean we still talk, but you know, it isn't the same.

SOMMER: Soon Kuhn may have to make another painful decision about whether California should give up water to Arizona and Nevada. With an emergency shortage looming, Kuhn may have no choice. For NPR News, I'm Lauren Sommer in Imperial, Calif.