随着物理学家们深入这个亚原子世界，他们意识到，那里不仅不同于我们所熟悉的任何东西，也不同于所能想像的任何东西。“由于原子的行为如此不同于普通的经验，”理查德·费曼有一次说，“你是很难习惯的。在大家看来，无论在新手还是在有经验的物理学家看来，它显得又古怪，又神秘。”到费曼发表这番评论的时候，物理学家们已经有半个世纪的时间来适应原子的古怪行为。因此，你可以想像，卢瑟福和他的同事们在20世纪初会有什么感觉。它在当时还完全是个新鲜事物。

　　原子结构图

　　One of the people working with Rutherford was a mild and affable young Dane named Niels Bohr. In 1913, while puzzling over the structure of the atom, Bohr had an idea so exciting that he postponed his honeymoon to write what became a landmark paper. Because physicists couldn't see anything so small as an atom, they had to try to work out its structure from how it behaved when they did things to it, as Rutherford had done by firing alpha particles at foil. Sometimes, not surprisingly, the results of these experiments were puzzling. One puzzle that had been around for a long time had to do with spectrum readings of the wavelengths of hydrogen. These produced patterns showing that hydrogen atoms emitted energy at certain wavelengths but not others. It was rather as if someone under surveillance kept turning up at particular locations but was never observed traveling between them. No one could understand why this should be.

　　与卢瑟福一起工作的人当中，有个和蔼可亲的丹麦年轻人，名叫尼尔斯·玻尔。1913年，他在思索原子结构的过程中，突然有了个激动人心的想法。他推迟了蜜月，写出了一篇具有划时代意义的论文。物理学家们看不见原子这样的小东西，他们不得不试图根据它在外来条件作用下的表现方式来确定它的结构，比如像卢瑟福那样向金箔发射α粒子。有时候，这类实验的结果是令人费解的，那也不足为怪。有个存在很久的难题跟氢的波长的光谱读数有关。它们产生的形状显示，氢原子在有的波长释放能量，在有的波长不释放能量。这犹如一个受到监视的人，不断出现在特定的地点，但永远也看不到他是怎么跑过来跑过去的。谁也说不清是什么原因。