科学美国人60秒 SSS Heat Sensor Has Snaky Sensitivity（在线收听）

One of the most exquisite heat sensors in the world—it’s not in some government lab. It's in the head of a snake. The pit viper, to be specific.

"They're incredibly sensitive. They beat any of the synthetic counterparts, even the most expensive semiconducting systems used in infrared or thermal cameras today." Chiara Daraio, a materials scientist at Caltech. "They can effectively resolve a few millikelvin of temperature changes at a distance of up to a meter." 

Now Daraio and her colleagues have designed a heat-sensing material that competes with the sensitivity of the snake. Using pectin. Same stuff you used to thicken jam. “Pectin, a double-stranded molecule ubiquitously present in the outer cell wall of plant cells, acts effectively as a tiny molecular temperature sensor." When temperatures go up, she says, the double-stranded molecule unzips, "like the zipper of a jacket."

So they did what you usually do with pectin—they made jelly, using pectin, water and calcium ions. They dried that out, and got a thin, transparent film. Then, they had to test it. Which they realized they could do using a microwave and her son’s teddy bear. "Which can be heated up to a temperature of 37 degrees, roughly the temperature of a mouse or a running prey for a snake." 

And the pectin film was exquisitely sensitive to the warmed-up teddy bear—on par with the snake. The film could detect temperature changes as small as 10-thousandths of a degree celsius. The study is in the journal Science Robotics. [Raffaele Di Giacomo et al., Biomimetic temperature-sensing layer for artificial skins]

Daraio says the skin could give robots superior sensing abilities. "Allowing for example robots to determine whether they're moving around inanimate objects, other robots, or even humans or animals, which are evidently warmer bodies." Or, she says, it could be used in sensitive skin on prosthetic limbs for humans. If we can figure out how to connect this artificial skin up to something far more complicated. The brain.

—Christopher Intagliata