译文：当我们谈论某人的性格时，我们说的是他或她动作、说话、思考和感觉的方式，这些方式使一个人区别于他人。

　　分析：句前是when引导的时间状语从句，主句we mean the ways...位于句子中间，ways后in which he or she acts...feels作定语从句修饰the ways，that make that invidividual different from others也作the ways的定语从句,区别在于，先行词the ways在前句中作in的宾语共同构成方式状语，在后句中作主语。

　　47. I wasn’t going to be one of those people who die wondering what if I would keep putting my dream to the test—even though it meant living with uncertainty and fear of failure. (1997. 阅读. Text 2)

　　译文：我不会成为临死前还对如果我坚持梦想会怎么样这个问题耿耿于怀的那种人——即使坚持梦想意味着生活充满了不确定性和失败的恐惧。

　　分析：主句I wasn’t going to be one of those people, who die wondering...作those people的定语从句。定语从句中what if I would keep putting...test是wondering的宾语从句。最后，破折号后even though引导让步状语从句。

　　48. In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economics, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims. (1997. 阅读. Text 4)

　　译文：这位特拉华心理学家声称，在低年级运用这种所谓的象征性奖励机制，即让学生动脑筋解决问题，并根据其表现给予有价值的奖赏所需要的分值，有望提高学生的干劲和创造力。

　　分析：本句主干是位于句子最后的主句the Delaware psychologist claims的宾语从句。宾语从句的主句为the use of so-called token economics shows promise in..., 在token economics后，in which students handle challenging problems and receive...作定语从句。

　　49. It is, everyone agrees, a huge task that the child performs when he learns to speak, and the fact that he does so in so short a period of time challenges explanation. (1997. 阅读. Text 3)

　　译文：儿童学习说话是一项艰巨的任务，这是人们的共识，而儿童何以在如此短暂的时间内完成这一重任则有待解释。

　　分析：复合句。句子主干为It is a huge task that the child performs and the fact that...challenges explanation,and连接两个并列句子。前句为it作形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句，主语从句中又包含主句和when引导时间状语从句;后句主语the fact后that引导同位语从句。

　　50. Most children will “obey” spoken instructions some time before they can speak, though the word obey is hardly accurate as a description of the eager and delighted cooperation usually shown by the child. (1997. 阅读. Text 3)

　　译文：多数儿童在开口说话前会“遵循”说话的方法，尽管“遵循”这个词很难准确地形容儿童通常表现出的迫切和欣喜的配合。

　　分析：复合句，主干由主句Most children will "obey" spoken instructions...和though引导的让步状语从句构成。主句中before they can speak作时间状语从句，从句中注意shown by the child是过去分词作定语，相当于that are shown by the child.

　　51. It is agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves out as particularly indicative of delight, distress, sociability, and so on. (1997. 阅读. Text 3)

　　译文：(人们)普遍认为，他们喜欢制造噪音。在他们出生的前几个月里，一两种声音能将他们的高兴、悲伤、友善等独特的表现欲展示出来。

　　分析：It作形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句，也是本句的主干。that they enjoy making noises,and that one or two noises sort themselves out as...两个that主句从句是并列关系，由and连接。