美国国家公共电台 NPR Playground Case Could Breach Barrier Between Tax Coffers, Religious Schools（在线收听）

STEVE INSKEEP, HOST:

The United States Supreme Court is busy this week with a ninth justice, Neil Gorsuch, on the bench. Today, the court hears arguments in a Missouri case with the potential to open state coffers for aid to parochial schools. Like Missouri, three-quarters of the states have constitutional provisions barring direct or indirect aid to religious schools. But a funny thing happened on the way to the Supreme Court, as NPR's legal affairs correspondent Nina Totenberg reports.

NINA TOTENBERG, BYLINE: On January 15, 2016, the Supreme Court agreed to hear the case of Trinity Lutheran Church v. the director of the Missouri Department of Natural Resources. A month later, Justice Antonin Scalia died unexpectedly, leaving an eight-justice court that was deeply divided on questions concerning the separation of church and state. And so for nearly a year and a half, the justices punted, declining to hear oral arguments in the case until the court was back up to full strength. Now that day has come, sort of - more on that sort of later - first, the case.

The Trinity Lutheran Church in Columbia, Mo., operates a preschool and day care learning center as part of its church ministry. Ninety children, ages 2 to 5, attend the school and play on its playground. In 2012, the church applied for a grant from the state to essentially rubberize the playground's surface using old and discarded tires. It applied despite written regulations barring state grants to religious institutions.

The Department of Natural Resources, which administers the scrap tire program, had enough money to fund 14 of the 44 applicants. Although Trinity Lutheran would have qualified otherwise, the state turned it down, citing a Missouri Supreme Court ruling that bars giving state aid to a school that is owned or controlled by a church, sect or a denomination, and where the applicant's mission is spiritual in nature. There is no doubt that the learning center's mission is spiritual in nature, even if the playground's surface is not. Trinity the Lutheran went to court, claiming that the grant denial interfered with its free exercise of religion and unconstitutionally discriminated against the school based on religion. Gail Schuster is director of the Trinity Lutheran Child Learning Center.

GAIL SCHUSTER: The issue here is that children are children. And their safety is important to us. And the children should not be treated as second-class citizens.

TOTENBERG: Dan Cortman of the Alliance Defending Freedom will be representing the church in the Supreme Court today. The grant program, he notes, was open to all not-for-profit schools except religious ones.

DAN CORTMAN: Just by excluding them because they're religious takes the separation of church and state and goes too far because now you're treating a religious organization worse than everybody else. The government is not funding a religious activity. It's funding the playground where students play.

TOTENBERG: Not so, says the state of Missouri. The free exercise clause of the Constitution, in its own words, forbids only government action that prohibits the free exercise of religion. It does not require the government to subsidize churches or provide equal funding opportunities to religious and non-religious groups alike. Trinity Lutheran's insistence that its playground resurfacing project is secular does not solve the problem, adds the state, because money is fungible. And here, the church's religious intent is stated specifically in the learning center's mission.

The ACLU, which filed a brief supporting the state's position, points to the Constitution's other religion clause barring any state establishment of religion. The Founders included that provision because they understood the problems that arise when government and religion become entangled, according to the ACLU's Dan Mach (ph).

DAN MACH: When you have governments providing direct cash to houses of worship, you threaten church autonomy and independence. You can pit denomination against denomination, sect against sect.

TOTENBERG: And, he maintains, even neutral criteria can operate to favor, for example, big churches or denominations against smaller ones. Mach argues that we as a society have given religious institutions many special benefits and exemptions from laws that apply to everyone else. Religious institutions not only have tax exempt status, but general civil rights laws do not apply to them.

Five years ago, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that teachers at a Lutheran school could not sue under the Americans with Disabilities Act because they're considered ministers of the church. The ACLU's Mach contends that by its position in this case, religious schools are trying to, quote, "have their cake and eat it too."

MACH: It wants to keep those benefits and also get handouts from the government.

TOTENBERG: Making this case yet more interesting is the Missouri State Constitution and similar provisions in another 36 states barring direct or indirect aid to parochial schools. In recent years, as the U.S. Supreme Court has become increasingly willing to lower the wall separating church and state, these state constitutions have become a bigger and bigger obstacle. And advocates of religious liberty have gone to court rather than seeking through the democratic process to get rid of the state constitutional provisions. The ACLU's Mach contends that this case is part of a movement.

MACH: There is a movement to undermine public schools and to funnel taxpayer dollars to religious schools. And depending on how this case goes, that could greatly affect how that movement operates.

TOTENBERG: Well, maybe. As we said at the beginning, a funny thing happened on the way to the Supreme Court. Last week, the newly elected Republican governor of Missouri, Eric Greitens, decided to change the state's long-standing policy on aid programs like this one, blaming, quote, "government bureaucrats" for the previous policy.

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ERIC GREITENS: You sent me here to fight for all Missourians. And that includes fighting for and defending people of faith who are too often under attack.

TOTENBERG: Making such a grand stand may be good politics, but it's lousy legal strategy because the governor's new position could moot the case. Upon seeing the governor's press release, the Supreme Court last Friday asked both sides to submit their views on whether there is still a live dispute here since the state now agrees with the position taken by Trinity Lutheran. Today's argument should be, shall we say, interesting. Nina Totenberg, NPR News, Washington.

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