专家们讨论美国高等教育的财政前景（在线收听）

Experts Debate Financial Future of American Higher Education

Sweet Briar College is a small, private women’s college in the American state of Virginia. In 2015, the school’s governing board grew concerned about its financial future and considered closing the school.

But after a change in leadership and the hard work of its employees and former students, Sweet Briar stayed open.

Now, almost three years later, Sweet Briar College is “doing remarkably well,” says Teresa Tomlinson. She is the head of the school’s board of directors. She says the schools has been able to buy back $8 million of its debt and reduce its operating costs by almost $15 million.

Tomlinson told VOA that the school was able to help its financial situation by making changes to its study program. Sweet Briar now aims to better meet the needs of the next generation of students by tying their studies to the demands of the modern working world.

However, not all small, private colleges like Sweet Briar have been able to keep up with the changing demands. In recent months, some have said they can no longer operate. For example, St. Gregory’s University in Oklahoma, Memphis College of Art and Grace University in Omaha, Nebraska have all announced they will be closing.

These announcements made observers question what the future may be for American higher education.

The research company Gallup asked chief business officers at more than 400 American schools whether they agree with media reports that tell of a financial crisis in higher education. About 70 percent of them said they believe those reports are correct. Gallup released the public opinion study last August.

Valerie Calderon is a senior researcher with Gallup. She says such concerns may come from the fact many Americans feel they have less money to spend on higher education.

The cost of higher education in the country has increased greatly over the past 30 years. Also, the U.S. economy, Calderon says, has been growing at a slower rate. This has made some American families think twice about investing a lot of money in a costly degree program, she says.

Fewer students are enrolling in higher education programs, the National Student Clearinghouse found. The organization studies American education. Last year, it reported that the overall number of students in higher education programs was 1.5 percent less than the year before.

So, why have the costs of higher education gone up so much? Calderon says part of the reason is because schools are employing more administrators.

“Colleges have employed more highly paid professionals who don’t teach, driving up the ratio of workers per student,” she told VOA.

Ken Redd is a senior researcher with the National Association of College and University Business Officers. He says that schools have, in fact, employed more people whose jobs do not directly relate to teaching. But that is because of the changing nature of who the schools’ students are, he says.

Many colleges and universities have been doing more in recent years to help poor students get an education, for example. Redd says these students may need more support in their studies, because they often went to high schools that did not prepare them well for college.

Redd also says many schools are doing more to support students who face other difficulties, such as physical and mental health issues. This means schools must hire support staff.

All these efforts cost the schools money, which means their tuition costs may rise.

In addition, the U.S. government has created more rules that colleges and universities must follow. For example, in 2015 the Department of Education began holding schools responsible for creating an office to receive and investigate complaints of sexual harassment and discrimination. This came as part of a greater effort to enforce the law known as Title IX. Such efforts add extra costs, Redd says.

Redd adds that many schools have tried hard to combat the rising costs for students. Financial aid awards have increased overall. Some schools also employ special reductions and limits to tuition increases.

But Redd does have concerns. He says that a decreasing number of students and limited financial resources could put small, private schools at risk of closing, especially rural ones. He fears the effect this may have on students growing up in rural areas.

“Eight out of ten students … in the United States go to a college within 20 miles [or 32 kilometers] of their home,” Redd said. “A school closing in a rural community would not necessarily lead to students picking up and going to a college in the city or going to a college in another state.”

In other words, the students may choose to not pursue higher education at all.

But Richard Ekman of the Council of Independent Colleges, or CIC, remains unconcerned. His organization represents more than 650 private colleges and universities across the U.S.

He says recent media reports of a higher education crisis are untrue. He adds that, historically, few colleges have closed permanently. Schools that come close to closing are often bought by or combined with other similar or larger schools.

“Not all will succeed, of course,” Ekman said. “But most will, to judge from what we’ve seen so far. That won’t stop the business officers from worrying. But it means that very few colleges go out of business.”

During the 2011-2012 school year, for example, just 10 colleges and universities across the country closed, according to the Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics. At that time, the United States was facing a severe economic recession.

Ekman says that for schools to survive, they need to try to appeal to students in different ways.

For example, Hartwick College in Oneonta, New York, took note of the local area’s growing industry for small, independent breweries. So it designed a program to train students in brewing. And Adrian College in Michigan observed a lack of schools with competitive college fishing teams. So the school started one, drawing in students who were looking to join the nationally recognized sport.

I’m Pete Musto.

And I’m Dorothy Gundy.

Words in This Story

board – n. a group of people who manage or direct a company or organization

remarkably – adv. done in a way that is unusual or surprising

degree – n. an official document and title that is given to someone who has successfully completed a series of classes at a college or university

enroll(ing) – v. to become a member or participant

administrator(s) – n. a person whose job is to manage a company, school, or other organization

professional(s) – n. someone who does a job that requires special training, education, or skill

ratio – n. the relationship that exists between the size, number, or amount of two things and that is often represented by two numbers

hire – v. the relationship that exists between the size, number, or amount of two things and that is often represented by two numbers

staff – n. to give work or a job to someone in exchange for wages or a salary

tuition – n. money that is paid to a school for the right to study there

combat – v. to try to stop something from happening or getting worse

pursue – v. to try to get or do something over a period of time

according to – prep. as stated, reported, or recorded by (someone or something

appeal to – p.v. to be liked by someone

breweries – n. companies that makes beer, an alcoholic drink made from malt and flavored with hops