2019年经济学人 巴托比专栏:女性的一小步(2)（在线收听）

In this respect the news is less encouraging. Across the OECD the gender pay gap of full-time employees averages 13.5% and varies widely,

在这一方面，新闻就没那么鼓舞人心。经济合作与发展组织（OECD）中，全职员工的性别收入差距平均为13.5%且差异很大，

from 3.4% in Luxembourg to 36.7% in South Korea. It can be hard to adjust for all the many factors, such as skill levels, that might explain this gap.

从卢森堡的3.4%到韩国的36.7%各不相等。由于众多原因，这一现象很难改变，如技能水平，这或许能解释这一差距。

Nevertheless, the OECD found last year that full-time employed women with a college degree earned, on average, 26% less than their male equivalents.

不过OECD发现去年拥有大学学历的全职女性员工的平均工资比同等学历的男性少26%。

A World Bank survey of 187 economies, published last month, found that women had, on average, three-quarters of the legal and employment rights of men.

世界银行对187个经济体做了一项调查并于上个月出版，该调查发现女性的平均法定权力和就业权只有男性的3/4.

The survey asked questions such as whether women were free to travel and open a business,

该调查中询问的问题有，女性是否能自由旅行和创业

if they had property rights and if they were protected from sexual harassment.

她们是否有财产权以及她们是否免于性骚扰。

In the Middle East and north Africa, women were found on this basis to have less than half the rights of men (Saudi Arabia was ranked lowest of all the countries surveyed).

在中东和北非，女性在此基础上的权力不到男性的一半（沙特阿拉伯在所有被调查国家中排名最低）。

Only in six countries (Belgium, Denmark, France, Latvia, Luxembourg and Sweden) did the law and society grant women equal rights.

仅有6个国家（比利时、丹麦、法国、拉脱维亚、卢森堡和瑞典）赋予了女性同等的法律和社会权力。

Problems are deep-rooted. Research by Lisa Cameron of the University of Melbourne with the IZA, a German thinktank,

这些问题根深蒂固。德国智囊团IZA和墨尔本大学的丽莎·卡梅隆研究发现

found that in many developing economies more than half of all non-agricultural female workers relied on informal employment, a higher share than men.

在很多发展中国家，超过一半的非农业女性都从事着非正规职业，这一比例高于男性。

Not only do these women get paid less as a result, they also lack access to state social programmes, such as unemployment benefit and pensions,

因此，这些女性不仅挣得少，她们还不能参与国家社会项目，如失业津贴和养老金，

which are often designed with formal employment status in mind.

这些通常是为正式用工状况所设计的。

The result is that poorly paid women have few resources to fall back on.

结果，这些薪水微薄的女性能依赖的资源非常少。

In addition, social programmes are much less generous in developing economies than they are in the rich world,

此外，发展中国家的社会项目没有发达国家的那么慷慨，

absorbing 17.7% of GDP in Europe and 10.7% in America, but only 9.7% in Latin America and just 1.4% in South-East Asia.

欧洲社会项目占GDP的17.7%，美国是10.7%，但在拉丁美洲仅为9.7%，在东南亚只有1.4%。

Without the cushion of a benefit system, working women in the developing world probably must endure more bullying and harassment at work, for fear of losing their jobs.

没了福利体系的保护，发展中国家的职业女性或许必须在工作中忍受更多欺凌和骚扰，因为她们害怕丢了工作。

So there is certainly cause to celebrate women making small steps forward in the boardroom.

所以绝对有理由庆祝女性在董事会中取得的小进步。

But bigger leaps are still needed elsewhere. Progress in the boardroom is only a start.

但是世界各地仍需要更大的进步。董事会议室中的进步仅仅是一个开始。