万物简史 第638期:神秘的两足动物(16)（在线收听）

I asked him if he was troubled about the amount of license that was taken in reconstructing the figures. "It's always a problem in making re-creations," he agreed readily enough. "You wouldn't believe how much discussion can go into deciding details like whether Neandertals had eyebrows or not. It was just the same for the Laetoli figures. We simply can't know the details of what they looked like, but we can convey their size and posture and make some reasonable assumptions about their probable appearance. If I had it to do again, I think I might have made them just slightly more apelike and less human. These creatures weren't humans. They were bipedal apes."

我同塔特萨尔在制作这个模型的过程中，他在征得别人认可时是否遇到过麻须。他不假思索地说：“在进行再创作时总免不会遇到这样的问题。你也许不能相信，在确定细节的问题上，比如尼安德特人是否有眉毛，人们也不知进行了多少讨论。莱托里塑像的情况也完全一样。我们根本不知道他们究竟长什么样，但是我们可以揣摩他们的高矮、姿势，并就他们可能具有的外表作出合理推断。如果我重新制作这个模型，我想我会使他们稍微更像猿人一些。他们不是人类，而县两足猿人。”

Until very recently it was assumed that we were descended from Lucy and the Laetoli creatures, but now many authorities aren't so sure. Although certain physical features (the teeth, for instance) suggest a possible link between us, other parts of the australopithecine anatomy are more troubling. In their book Extinct Humans, Tattersall and Schwartz point out that the upper portion of the human femur is very like that of the apes but not of the australopithecines; so if Lucy is in a direct line between apes and modern humans, it means we must have adopted an australopithecine femur for a million years or so, then gone back to an ape femur when we moved on to the next phase of our development. They believe, in fact, that not only was Lucy not our ancestor, she wasn't even much of a walker.

直到不久以前，人们都认为，我们是露西和莱托里动物的后代，但是今天许多权威就不那么肯定。尽管某些身体特征（例如牙齿）表明南方古猿和我们之间是有一些联系，可是南方占猿的解剖结构所，显示的其他方面就不尽如此，塔特沙尔和施瓦兹在《灭绝的人类》一书中指出，人类股骨的上半部分与猿十分接近，与南方古猿却相去甚远。因此，如果说露西是猿和现代人类之间的直接家系，那就意味着，我们在大约100万年时间里有着和南方古猿一样的股骨，而在我们接着发展到下一阶段时，我们又重新回复到猿的股骨。他们认为，事实上露西不但不是我们的祖先，而且她恨可能还不会直立行走。

塔特萨尔

"Lucy and her kind did not locomote in anything like the modern human fashion," insists Tattersall. "Only when these hominids had to travel between arboreal habitats would they find themselves walking bipedally, ‘forced' to do so by their own anatomies." Johanson doesn't accept this. "Lucy's hips and the muscular arrangement of her pelvis," he has written, "would have made it as hard for her to climb trees as it is for modern humans."

“露西以及她的同类并不能像现代人类那样行走。”塔特萨尔坚持说，“只有当这些人科动物在两棵树上的栖息地之间来回穿梭时，他们才不得不用两足来行走。由于他们骨骼的结构特点，他们是‘被迫’这么做的。”约翰森不赞同这一说法，他写道：“鉴于露西的臀部和她的骨盆肌肉的生长特点，她爬起树来和现代人类一样困难。”