美国国家公共电台 NPR 拉丁美洲政坛新现象 武装部队可能卷土重来（在线收听）

We're going to take a wide-lens look now at Latin America after a painful history of military dictatorships. The region is now ruled by civilian presidents. But many of these leaders are deeply unpopular. And some are facing mass protests. And as John Otis reports, the door may be open again for the armed forces in the region to re-enter politics.

拉丁美洲经历了一段痛苦的军事独裁历史，现在我们将从更广的角度来审视拉丁美洲。该地区目前由平民总统统治。但这些领导人中有许多人极不受欢迎。一些领导人面临着大规模抗议。据约翰·奥蒂斯报道，该地区武装力量重返政坛的大门可能再次开启。

JOHN OTIS, BYLINE: In an election last October that was marred by fraud, Evo Morales claimed to have won a fourth term as Bolivia's president. Amid demands that he step down, Morales clung to power. But then Bolivia's armed forces commander weighed in.

约翰·奥蒂斯连线：在去年10月举行的因舞弊而遭到破坏的选举中，埃沃·莫拉莱斯宣称赢得第四个玻利维亚总统任期。虽然民众要求他下台，但莫拉莱斯把持权力不放。之后，玻利维亚武装部队指挥官做出表态。

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WILLIAMS KALIMAN: (Speaking Spanish).

威廉姆斯·卡利曼：（用西班牙语讲话）。

OTIS: In a TV address, General Williams Kaliman said, we suggest that the president resign for the good of Bolivia. A few hours later, Morales did just that. But not long afterwards, street protests broke out against Bolivia's new government. Military jets buzzed the capital city of La Paz to break up the crowds.

奥蒂斯：威廉姆斯·卡利曼将军在电视讲话中表示，我们建议总统为了玻利维亚的利益辞职。几个小时之后，莫拉莱斯宣布辞职。但不久之后，反对玻利维亚新政府的街头抗议爆发。军用飞机在首都拉巴斯上空飞过，目的是驱散人群。

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OTIS: It's not just Bolivia. Across Latin America, militaries are throwing their weight around. In El Salvador this month, soldiers briefly occupied the congress building to intimidate legislators into passing an anti-crime bill. In Mexico and Chile, troops have been sent into the streets to hunt down criminals and disperse protesters. When going on TV to announce gas-price hikes and other controversial measures, the presidents of Peru, Ecuador and Honduras have surrounded themselves with stern-looking generals. Adam Isacson of the Washington Office on Latin America says that such appearances serve as stark warnings to would-be protesters that the armed forces stand firmly in the president's corner.

奥蒂斯：不仅是玻利维亚。军队正在拉丁美洲各国施压。本月在萨尔瓦多，士兵临时占领了国会大楼，威胁议会通过一项反犯罪法案。在墨西哥和智利，军队被部署到街上追捕罪犯并驱散抗议者。当秘鲁、厄瓜多尔和洪都拉斯总统在电视上宣布油价上调和其他备受争议的举措时，他们身边站着表情严肃的将军。华盛顿拉丁美洲问题办事处的亚当·艾萨克森表示，这样的公开露面是在向潜在抗议者发出严厉警告：武装部队坚定地支持总统。

ADAM ISACSON: The high command is certainly lending itself to political messaging at key moments. And so that is a political role that is pretty crucial.

亚当·艾萨克森：最高指挥部在关键时刻肯定会为政治信息服务。因此，这是相当关键的政治角色。

OTIS: In Venezuela, military officers manage everything from state food distribution to oil production. In Brazil, nine of the 22 ministers in President Jair Bolsonaro's government come from the armed forces. Bolsonaro is himself a former army captain.

奥蒂斯：在委内瑞拉，军事官员管理着从国家食物分配到石油生产的一切事务。而在巴西，总统雅伊尔·博索纳罗政府的22名部长中有9人来自武装部队。博索纳罗本为曾是陆军上尉。

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UNIDENTIFIED CROWD: (Singing in Portuguese).

身份不明的人群：（用葡萄牙语唱歌）。

OTIS: He recently held this military parade to commemorate the 1964 coup that ushered in Brazil's 21-year dictatorship. That period was one of Latin America's darkest, a time when abusive military strongmen held sway across much of the region. Thousands of dissidents were tortured and killed. Adam Isacson says that when these dictatorships finally collapsed, a new generation of civilian presidents worked hard to rid their governments of military influence.

奥蒂斯：博索纳罗最近举行了阅兵仪式，以纪念1964年那场开启巴西长达21年独裁统治的政变。那是拉丁美洲最黑暗的时期之一，当时滥用武力的军事强权者统治着拉美大部分地区。数千名持不同政见者被折磨和杀害。亚当·艾萨克森表示，这些独裁政权最终倒台后，新一代平民总统努力让政府摆脱军事影响。

ISACSON: Everything from getting the military out of policing, getting civilians in charge of defense ministries, just this brick-by-brick building this new edifice of civilian control of the military.

艾萨克森：这包括让军队脱离治安工作、让平民掌管国防部门，一点一点地构筑这座平民控制军队的新大厦。

OTIS: So why is this edifice now revealing so many cracks? For starters, polls show growing frustration with Latin America's civilian governments, mainly due to corruption, economic stagnation and rising crime. Presidents often react by adding decorated officers to their inner circles and deploying troops for everything from crowd control to collecting garbage during strikes by sanitation workers.

奥蒂斯：那为什么现在这座大厦出现了这么多裂缝？首先，民调显示人们对拉丁美洲的文官政府越来越失望，主要原因是腐败、经济停滞和犯罪率不断上升。总统所做回应通常是在核心集团中增加获得过勋章的官员，并部署军队解决一切问题，比如在环卫工人罢工期间控制人群并收集垃圾。

FRANK MORA: The military becomes sort of the go-to institution at a time when there's a demand from the public to do something.

弗兰克：莫拉：当公众要求采取行动时，军队就成为了关键机构。

OTIS: That's Frank Mora, who heads the Latin America and Caribbean Center at Florida International University. He says that, for younger Latin Americans who never lived under martial law, the armed forces can seem like a benevolent institution that follows orders and gets things done. Still, Mora says it's unlikely that the region will return to full fledged military rule. For one thing, officers are actually quite wary about taking on some on their new duties, especially policing. It can tarnish their reputations, as in Bolivia, where recent clashes between soldiers and protesters left 36 people dead.

奥蒂斯：这是佛罗里达国际大学拉丁美洲和加勒比中心的负责人弗兰克·莫拉所说。他表示，对于从未经历过戒严令的拉丁美洲年轻人来说，武装部队可能就像是听命办事的慈善机构。不过莫拉说，该地区不太可能回归全面的军事统治。一方面，官员实际上对承担一些新职责——尤其是治安工作——非常谨慎。这可能会损害他们的名誉，比如玻利维亚发生的情况，最近士兵和抗议者之间爆发的冲突导致36人死亡。

MORA: The military is not trained to do this, and they know that.

莫拉：军队没有受过这样的训练，他们知道这一点。

OTIS: What's more, analysts say that the way things stand now — Latin American militaries have the best of both worlds. They enjoy growing clout in government. Yet civilian presidents take the rap when things go wrong. For NPR News, I'm John Otis.

奥蒂斯：更重要的是，分析人士认为，目前的情况是拉丁美洲的军队正在两头受益。他们在政府中享有的影响力与日俱增。而在出现问题时，承担责任的是平民总统。NPR新闻，约翰·奥蒂斯报道。