欧美文化博览 金雀花王朝之魔王世族(6)（在线收听）

Henry established central courts at Westminster, and sent newly appointed royal justices on a circuit around the country.

亨利在威斯敏斯特建立了中央法院,并且对新任命的在国家巡回的皇家大法官们发号施令。

These circuit judges would meet regularly and agree to follow one another's decisions... thus ensuring common practice throughout England.

这些巡回法官会定期见面,并且承诺遵守彼此的决定…从而确保全英国的统一。

A distinct method of law making emerged.

一种特立独行的立法因此出现。

Laws now evolved through precedent as well as royal decree.

现在法律通过先例以及皇家法令得以进化。

Disputes over land were important in this agricultural society.

而这个农业社会关于土地的争论从未休止而且总是那么至关重要。

Traditionally, they had been determined by trial by battle, in which opponents exchanged blows to resolve the issue.

传统上,他们通过法庭上的唇枪舌战分出个结果,对手们会互相斗争以解决问题。

Only the King could summon a body of men to give a verdict on oath, so royal justice could offer a new, non-violent, alternative, something not available in baronial courts - trial by jury.

只有国王才能召唤法官给予裁决,所以皇家司法机构提供了一种新的、非暴力、可替代,男爵法院中不曾有过的裁决方式—那就是经由陪审团审判。

"Every free man can retain his right in his tenement "and avoid the doubtful outcome of a duel.

“每一个自由身之人都可以保留自己的权利”,避免决斗产生的可疑结果。

"When the 12 knights have been chosen, "they are to be summoned to come to court "to swear on oath which party has the greater right."

“当12位骑士被选定之时,”他们被召集来到法院“起誓哪一方拥有更大的权利。”