美国国家公共电台 NPR 告别"卡斯特罗时代" 古巴交给了年轻一代（在线收听）

For the first time in more than 60 years, Cuba will not be led by a Castro. Raul Castro, the late Fidel's brother, is expected to step down as head of the Communist Party at the party's congress, which begins today, although that does not mean Cuba's one-party system is going to undergo any major changes. We had a really interesting conversation about this with NPR's Carrie Kahn, who covers Cuba.

60多年来，古巴将首次由卡斯特罗家族以外的人领导。已故古巴革命领袖菲德尔·卡斯特罗的弟弟劳尔·卡斯特罗预计将在今天开始的古巴共产党大会上卸任内最高领导职务，不过这并不意味着古巴一党制将发生任何重大变化。我们就此与NPR新闻负责报道古巴新闻的嘉莉·卡恩进行了有趣的对话。

CARRIE KAHN, BYLINE: Cuba's Communist Party meets every five years. And here's a spoiler alert — there really won't be many surprises this time, mostly because Raul Castro, back in 2018, when he stepped down as president, he said all along he was going to give up the top post of the party this year. And he's almost certainly going to hand it over to his hand-picked president Miguel Diaz-Canel. So Castro is 89 now, and Diaz-Canel is 60. So the biggest change is that it looks like the old guard, what the Cubans like to call the historic generation, those who fought the revolution, will finally hand over the reins to the younger folks.

嘉莉·卡恩连线：古巴共产党每五年开一次大会。我要剧透一下，这次会议不会有太多惊喜，主要原因是劳尔·卡斯特罗在2018年卸任主席职务之后，就一直说自已将在今年辞去党内最高职务。他几乎肯定会将领导之位交给他亲手挑选的主席米格尔·迪亚斯-卡内尔。卡斯特罗今年已经89岁，而迪亚兹-卡内尔今年60岁。因此，最大的变化是，看起来古巴人喜欢称之为的历史一代，即参加过革命的人，将最终把领导权交给年轻人。

But I was talking with Arturo Lopez-Levy — he's a Cuban economist at Holy Names University in California — and he says, don't think that only a Castro can control Cuba.

我采访了阿图罗·洛佩兹-列维，他是加州圣名大学的古巴经济学家，他表示，不要认为只有卡斯特罗家族才能控制古巴。

ARTURO LOPEZ-LEVY: This is not a family business. It is more sophisticated and more resilient than what you will find in a government ruled by a group of people that are part of the same clan or the same family.

阿图罗·洛佩兹-列维：这不是家族企业。这比你在由属于同一氏族或同一家庭的一群人统治的政府中所发现的更加复杂，也更具韧性。

KAHN: He says the ruling regime is a complex institution, and it's not easily unraveled.

卡恩：他表示，执政政权是一个复杂的机构，不容易瓦解。

INSKEEP: Is there any specific legacy for Raul Castro, who was so close to his brother for so long, but, of course, was not Fidel?

因斯基普：劳尔·卡斯特罗有什么区别于他哥哥菲德尔的特别遗产吗？他和他的哥哥一直非常亲密。

KAHN: Yes. Raul took over for his brother Fidel back in 2008, and he did bring on some big changes, especially on the economic front. He greatly expanded private enterprise on the island, also the use of cellphones and the Internet. And also, you'll remember, he ushered in the warmer relations with President Obama and the U.S. But it's been more than a decade since he promised those economic reforms, and still not all are in place. And again, that slow move is in spite of Cuba's terrible economic situation, Steve. You know, there are long, long food lines and scarcity that's come back to Cuba. And they are also dealing with COVID, the crash of the tourism industry, spiraling inflation and the Trump administration sanctions, which are still in place.

卡恩：好。劳尔在2008年接替兄长菲德尔，出任古巴国家元首，他确实带来了一些重大变化，特别是在经济方面。他极大地扩展了岛上的私人企业，也扩大了手机和互联网的使用。而且，你应该记得，他与奥巴马总统和美国建立了友好关系。但他承诺的经济改革，在10多年后仍未全部实施。史蒂夫，尽管古巴的经济形势很糟糕，但这一举措的进展仍然过于缓慢。古巴再次出现食物短缺问题，这导致民众排长队购买食物。此外，古巴还要应对新冠肺炎、旅游业崩盘、不断上升的通胀以及仍在生效的特朗普政府的制裁。

INSKEEP: Well, given all of that, is the regime very popular in Cuba?

因斯基普：考虑到所有这些问题，这个政权在古巴很受欢迎吗？

KAHN: It's very tough situation right now. The economic disarray is just fueling a lot of political dissent. And we're seeing protests in Cuba like we're just not used to seeing. And there's this emergence of a new artist revolt that was started by these Afro Cuban rappers, and it's widened to more Main Street artists. And I just want to play you this song. It's huge in Cuba and abroad. It has 4.6 million views so far on YouTube.

卡恩：目前形势非常严峻。经济混乱助长了许多政治异议。古巴出现了抗议活动，这并不常见。古巴还兴起了艺术家起义这种新形式，这由非洲裔古巴说唱歌手发起，之后逐步扩大范围，更多街头艺术家加入其中。我想为大家播放一首歌曲。这首歌在古巴国内外都获得了成功。到目前为止，该歌曲在YouTube上的点击量已达460万次。

(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "PATRIA Y VIDA")

（歌曲：《Patria Y Vida》）

ALEXANDER DELGADO: (Singing in Spanish).

亚历山大·德尔加多：（用西班牙语唱歌）。

KAHN: And many will recognize that gritty baritone vo ice. That's the Cuban artist Alexander Delgado, and he's from the duo Gente de Zona. And he and other Cuban artists produced this song. It's called "Patria Y Vida." And it's a flip of the Cuban revolutionary call to arms. And Delgado sings in the song — it's astonishing — no more lies, my people want freedom. We won't shout homeland or death anymore — that's the famous slogan — but now it's homeland and life. And it's a pretty bold move and shows a growing movement challenging the regime like we haven't seen in decades.

卡恩：很多人会听出那个粗犷的男中音。这首歌由古巴艺术家亚历山大·德尔加多演唱，他是二人组合Gente de Zona的一员。他和其他古巴艺术家创作了这首歌。歌名是《Patria Y Vida》。这相当于古巴革命号召武装斗争的翻版。令人吃惊的是，德尔加多在这首歌里唱道，“再也没有谎言，我的人民想要自由。我们不再高喊‘祖国或死亡’——这是著名的口号——现在要高喊‘祖国和生命’”。这是一个相当大胆的举动，表明一个日益壮大的运动正在挑战政权，这是我们数十年来从未见过的情况。

INSKEEP: Carrie, thanks so much.

因斯基普：嘉莉，非常谢谢你。

KAHN: No, thank you.

卡恩：不客气，谢谢你。

INSKEEP: That's NPR's Carrie Kahn.

因斯基普：以上是NPR新闻的嘉莉·卡恩带来的报道。