科学美国人60秒 海洋野生动物如何与海风共存（在线收听）

April Reese: Offshore wind in the US is poised for a boom. States from Rhode Island on down to Virginia all have plans to ramp up offshore wind over the next decade, and the Biden administration has pledged to add 30 gigawatts of offshore wind by 2030. It's all part of an energy overhaul that aims to swap fossil fuels for renewables, reining in climate change and protecting our planet. Curbing climate change is one of the best things we can do to protect marine species, but harnessing the wind to blow back emissions is not without its own impacts.

April Reese:美国海上风电正处于繁荣期。从罗德岛州到弗吉尼亚州，所有州都计划在未来十年增加海上风电，拜登政府承诺到2030年增加300千兆瓦的海上风电。这是能源改革的一部分，旨在用化石燃料替代可再生能源，控制气候变化，保护我们的地球。遏制气候变化是我们保护海洋物种所能做的最好的事情之一，但利用风来减少排放并非没有其自身的影响。

Of special concern are these denizens of the sea. That’s a North Atlantic right whale recorded off the Coast of Martha's Vineyard in Massachusetts. North Atlantic right whales migrate in feed along the US East Coast, which is also ground zero for the US's growing offshore wind industry. Scientific American Custom Media spoke with oceanographer Joe Brodie. He's part of a team trying to figure out how to avoid conflicts between wind turbines and whales. After a few years as a flight attendant, he left the friendly skies for the sea.

特别令人关注的是这些海洋居民。这是在马萨诸塞州玛莎葡萄园海岸记录的北大西洋露脊鲸。北大西洋露脊鲸沿着美国东海岸觅食迁徙，这也是美国不断增长的海上风电产业的归零地。科学美国定制媒体采访了海洋学家乔·布罗迪。他是一个团队的成员，该团队试图找出如何避免风力涡轮机和鲸鱼之间的冲突。当了几年空姐后，他离开了友好的天空，来到了大海。

Now, he’s the Offshore Wind Research Lead at the Rutgers Center for Ocean Observing Leadership. Joe, the North Atlantic  right whale is one of the world's most endangered species. Only about 400 of them  are left. Can offshore wind development along the East Coast coexist with right whales? And if so, how?

现在，他是罗格斯海洋观测领导中心的海上风研究负责人。乔，北大西洋露脊鲸是世界上最濒危的物种之一。只剩下大约400人了。东海岸的海上风电开发能与露脊鲸共存吗？如果是，怎么做？

Joe Brodie: I think the answer is definitely, the two can coexist. It just has to be done intelligently and with as much information as possible. The idea is... I guess a good way to put it in a term that we used to use at the airline was situational awareness, knowing what's out there, when it's out there, where they are, and what they're doing is going to make all the difference.

Joe Brodie: ：我认为答案是肯定的，两者可以共存。它只是需要尽可能多的信息智能地完成。这个想法是。。。我想我们在航空公司使用的术语中有一个很好的表达方式，那就是情景感知，知道外面发生了什么，什么时候发生了什么，他们在哪里，他们在做什么，这将产生巨大的影响。

Reese: So you’re part of a project funded by the offshore wind company ?rsted and their ocean wind project partners in New Jersey that uses acoustic monitoring to track and study whales. It's called the ecosystem and passive acoustic monitoring project. What does that project aim to do and who's involved?

Reese：所以你是一个项目的一部分，该项目由近海风电公司奥斯特和他们在新泽西的海风项目合作伙伴资助，该项目使用声学监测来跟踪和研究鲸鱼。它被称为生态系统和被动声学监测项目。该项目的目标是什么？谁参与了？

Brodie: It is a partnership between ?rsted and then us here at Rutgers University, along with a team at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution led by Mark Baumgartner, and then another team at the University of Rhode Island led by Dr. Jim Miller. What we're trying to do is use acoustic sensors that are deployed on a variety of platforms, such as stationary buoys, and then also underwater robots, gliders that can move through the water to listen for vocalizing right whales. The idea is, can you better monitor the presence or absence of the North Atlantic right whale by listening to them using autonomous sensors?

Brodie:这是奥斯特和我们在罗格斯大学的合作伙伴，还有Mark Baumgartner领导的伍兹霍尔海洋学研究所的一个团队，然后是由Jim Miller博士领导的罗德岛大学的另一个团队。我们试图做的是使用部署在各种平台上的声学传感器，比如固定浮标，然后还有水下机器人，可以在水中移动的滑翔机，来倾听露脊鲸的叫声。这个想法是，你能通过使用自动传感器来听北大西洋露脊鲸的声音来更好地监测它们的存在与否吗？

Reese: Well, tell us a little about the technology you’re using. What tools do you use to read the ocean and what kinds of data do they give to you?

Reese: 好吧，告诉我们一些你正在使用的技术。你用什么工具来读取海洋，它们给你什么样的数据？

Brodie: Mark Baumgartner at Woods Hole, he deployed a buoy off the coast of New Jersey here and he also deployed a buoy off of Massachusetts. And then the team at Rhode Island has another buoy that's more of like a test platform trying out some advanced sensors that can help you triangulate the location. The buoy is really just there to have the radio transmitters and things like that on up at the surface. On the mooring itself at the bottom of the water column, that's where his sensor, which is called the DMON, digital acoustic monitoring instrument.

Brodie: 伍兹霍尔的马克·鲍姆加特纳，他在新泽西海岸附近部署了一个浮标，他还在马萨诸塞州附近部署了一个浮标。罗得岛的团队还有另一个浮标，更像是一个测试平台，测试一些先进的传感器，可以帮助你三角定位。浮标实际上只是用来装上无线电发射机之类的东西。在水柱底部的系泊装置上，这就是他的传感器，被称为DMON，数字声学监测仪器。

It’s basically a big anchor that has got this digital sensor on it, and it’s soundproofed and insulated so that the flow of the water doesn't interfere with the listening tool. That's another challenge is they've got to install things that reduce that and there's all sorts of technology at play to really isolate the sound so that you can really hear very well. On the glider side, so it looks like a torpedo, but it doesn't actually have a propeller on it.

它基本上是一个带有数字传感器的大锚，它是隔音和绝缘的，这样水流就不会干扰监听工具。这是另一个挑战，他们必须安装能够降低噪音的设备，并且有各种各样的技术在起作用，以真正隔离声音，这样你才能真正听到很好的声音。在滑翔机一侧，看起来像鱼雷，但实际上没有螺旋桨。

What it does is it goes up and down over and over again. And it’s a mobile platform, right? So you can explore the entire area. You're not restricted to just that one spot where the buoy is located.

它所做的就是一次又一次地上下移动。这是一个移动平台，对吗？所以你可以探索整个地区。你不仅仅局限于浮标所在的一个地方。

Reese: As offshore wind companies and scientists in the US explore ways to protect biodiversity around turbines, they're taking a cue from Europe where the wind industry is much more mature. Victoria Todd is the director and chief scientist for ocean science consulting in Dunbar, Scotland. And for years, she's worked with companies and regulators to minimize the impacts of offshore energy projects on marine wildlife. The science shows that climate change is one of the biggest threats to ocean health.

Reese:美国的海上风电公司和科学家正在探索如何保护涡轮机周围的生物多样性，他们正在借鉴欧洲的经验，那里的风电行业要成熟得多。维多利亚·托德是苏格兰邓巴海洋科学咨询公司的主任兼首席科学家。多年来，她一直与公司和监管机构合作，尽量减少海上能源项目对海洋野生动物的影响。科学表明，气候变化是对海洋健康的最大威胁之一。

Expanding offshore wind is seen as key to the energy transition and reducing the effects of warming on marine wildlife. But while we know wind is an important part of the solution, we also know that offshore wind development is not harmless.

扩大海上风力被视为能量转换和减少变暖对海洋野生动物影响的关键。虽然我们知道风能是解决方案的重要组成部分，但我们也知道海上风能开发并非无害。

Victoria Todd: The best way to protect marine life, in my opinion, is advanced planning. Perform baseline studies prior to the  wind farm development, such that we can understand the use of the area by the various animals at different times of the year. In addition, one can also use pingers, which are actively producing noise emitting devices that can send out a warning signal to the marine mammals theoretically to pre-warn the animals that there is going to be a noise emitting event about to happen and that they can perhaps vacate the area.

Victoria Todd: 在我看来，保护海洋生物的最好办法是提前规划。在风电场开发之前进行基线研究，以便我们能够了解每年不同时间各种动物对该区域的使用情况。此外，人们还可以使用Pinger，它正在积极制造噪音发射装置，理论上可以向海洋哺乳动物发出警告信号，以警告动物即将发生噪音发射事件，它们可能会撤离该区域。

Reese: Well, what would you say the US can learn from Europe as we expand offshore wind development here?

Reese:好吧，你认为在我们扩大海上风电开发的同时，美国可以从欧洲学到什么？

Todd: Well, I think from what I’ve seen so far, they’re managing to do quite a good job of the planning elements of it. We have obviously very, very good research institutes on the East Coast. I used to be at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, which is a very experienced and competent and longstanding marine institute, and we have some great universities and some of the large whale experts, but they are also seeking our advice for these projects as well.

Todd: 嗯，我想从目前为止我所看到的情况来看，他们在计划的要素方面做得相当好。我们在东海岸显然有非常非常好的研究机构。我曾在伍兹霍尔海洋研究所工作，这是一个经验丰富、能力强、历史悠久的海洋研究所，我们有一些优秀的大学和一些大型鲸鱼专家，但他们也在为这些项目征求我们的意见。

Reese: In putting their heads together, scientists and offshore wind companies hope to make watching out for whales and other marine wildlife part of the industry's M.O. as turbines multiply off the U.S. coastline. That's good for the whales and good for the climate.

Reese:科学家和海上风电公司齐心协力，希望随着涡轮机在美国海岸线的不断增加，将对鲸鱼和其他海洋野生动物的监视作为该行业M.O.的一部分。这对鲸鱼和气候都有好处。

Brodie: One of the reasons we want renewable energy is we’re trying to reduce the impact we’re having on the climate. We're trying to reduce ocean acidification. We're trying to do all these things that are ultimately to protect our environment. But you don't want to damage the environment in the process, right? You have to preserve what you have while you're trying to prevent further damage. It's in everybody's best interest to make sure that it's done the right way.

Brodie: 我们想要可再生能源的原因之一是我们正在努力减少对气候的影响。我们正在努力减少海洋酸化。我们正试图做所有这些事情，最终是为了保护我们的环境。但你不想在这个过程中破坏环境，对吗？当你试图防止进一步的损害时，你必须保存你所拥有的。确保事情以正确的方式进行符合每个人的最大利益。

Reese: This podcast was produced by Scientific American Custom Media and made possible through the support of ?rsted.

Reese: 这个播客是由科学美国定制媒体制作的，并通过奥斯特的支持得以实现。