科学美国人60秒 佛罗里达州把孩子疫苗搞错了及乌克兰健康危机（在线收听）

Florida Gets Kids and Vaccines Wrong, and Ukraine's Health Crisis

佛罗里达州把孩子疫苗搞错了及乌克兰健康危机

Tanya Lewis: Hi, and welcome to COVID, Quickly, a Scientific American podcast series.

Josh Fischman: This is your fast-track update on the COVID pandemic. We bring you up to speed on the science behind the most urgent questions about the virus and the disease. We demystify the research and help you understand what it really means.

Lewis: I’m Tanya Lewis.

Fischman: I’m Josh Fischman.

Tanya Lewis：您好，欢迎收看美国科学播客系列《COVID, Quickly》。

Josh Fischman：这是您对 COVID 大流行的快速更新。 我们让您快速了解有关病毒和疾病的最紧迫问题背后的科学。 我们揭开研究的神秘面纱，并帮助您了解它的真正含义。

刘易斯：我是坦尼娅·刘易斯。

菲施曼：我是乔什·菲施曼。

Lewis: And we’re Scientific American’s senior health editors.

Today, we’ll go over the evidence that vaccines help kids, despite Florida’s absurd claims to the contrary.

Fischman: Then we’ll look at the war in Ukraine, and its bad effects on COVID treatment and spread.

刘易斯：我们是《科学美国人》的高级健康编辑。

今天，我们将讨论疫苗对儿童有帮助的证据，尽管佛罗里达州的荒谬说法与此相反。

Fischman：然后我们将看看乌克兰的战争，以及它对 COVID 治疗和传播的不良影响。

Lewis: Last week Florida’s surgeon general created an uproar. He said he wouldn’t recommend vaccines for healthy children, because the shots didn’t help, and might even cause harm. That goes against all sorts of evidence, doesn’t it?

刘易斯：上周佛罗里达州的外科医生引起了轩然大波。 他说他不会为健康的儿童推荐疫苗，因为注射没有帮助，甚至可能造成伤害。 这违背了各种证据，不是吗？

Fischman: What Florida officials said isn’t true, Tanya. In children, research shows COVID vaccines prevent infections and hospitalizations. I’ll run through that. The policies of Florida’s health department seem more in line with the politics of the state governor, Ron DeSantis, than they are with reality.

Fischman：佛罗里达州官员所说的不是真的，Tanya。 在儿童中，研究表明 COVID 疫苗可以预防感染和住院。 我会经历那个。 佛罗里达州卫生部门的政策似乎更符合州长罗恩·德桑蒂斯的政治立场，而不是现实。

DeSantis has argued that wearing masks and restricting activities when the disease is spreading do more harm than good. That’s contradicted by several dozen studies.

Now his surgeon general, Joseph Ladapo, has added that, for healthy children under age 17, vaccination risks may outweigh benefits.

德桑蒂斯认为，在疾病传播时戴口罩和限制活动弊大于利。 这与数十项研究相矛盾。

现在，他的外科医生约瑟夫·拉达波补充说，对于 17 岁以下的健康儿童，接种疫苗的风险可能超过益处。

And that’s where the ‘not true’ part comes in. Two groups of independent vaccine experts, one that advises the FDA and one that advises the CDC, have looked at this research. The FDA group voted 17 to zero to authorize the vaccines for young kids because the benefits are greater. The CDC group voted 14 to zero.

这就是“不真实”部分的用武之地。两组独立的疫苗专家，一组为 FDA 提供建议，一组为 CDC 提供建议，他们研究了这项研究。 FDA 小组以 17 票对零票批准了针对幼儿的疫苗，因为好处更大。 CDC小组以14票对0票。

These groups aren’t rubber stamps. Members of the FDA panel, in fact, recently objected to a move to authorize the vaccines for babies, saying the evidence wasn’t strong enough.

I spoke to several members of both groups to get their take. Paul Offit, a vaccine expert at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, pointed out that in the tests for vaccine effectiveness in kids aged 12 to 15, there were zero COVID cases in the vaccinated group. But there were 18 cases in the unvaccinated group. Similar numbers were in the kids aged 5 to 11.

None of the clinical trials in kids found any serious adverse events.

这些团体不是橡皮图章。 事实上，FDA 小组成员最近反对授权婴儿疫苗的举动，称证据不够有力。

我与两个小组的几位成员进行了交谈，以了解他们的看法。 费城儿童医院的疫苗专家保罗·奥菲特指出，在对 12 至 15 岁儿童进行疫苗有效性测试时，接种组中的 COVID 病例为零。 但未接种组有18例。 5 至 11 岁的儿童也有类似的数字。

没有一项针对儿童的临床试验发现任何严重的不良事件。

Kids are in more danger from COVID. Katherine Poehling, a pediatrician and infectious disease specialist at Wake Forest School of Medicine, told me that among infected kids, there had been 1200 deaths from COVID. There were about 7500 cases of a life-threatening illness called multi-system inflammatory syndrome. Half of those were in kids aged 5 through 13.

Offit added that approximately 2600 children, previously healthy with no other risk factors, have been hospitalized for COVID during the pandemic.

孩子们更容易感染新冠病毒。 维克森林医学院的儿科医生和传染病专家凯瑟琳·波林 (Katherine Poehling) 告诉我，在受感染的孩子中，有 1200 人死于 COVID。 大约有 7500 例危及生命的疾病称为多系统炎症综合征。 其中一半是 5 到 13 岁的儿童。

Offit 补充说，在大流行期间，大约 2600 名以前健康且没有其他风险因素的儿童因 COVID 而住院。

Can vaccines stop this kind of serious disease? Yes. One study, just published last month in the New England Journal of Medicine, looked at roughly 1300 teenagers. Some of them had been vaccinated and some had not. More than 95 percent of those hospitalized with COVID had not been fully vaccinated. Same for 99 percent of the teens who needed life support. Numbers were much lower in vaccinated teens. Vaccination, the study found, was 94 percent effective at stopping hospitalization. It was 98 percent effective at keeping kids out of the intensive care unit.

Florida also claims that vaccines can trigger myocarditis in kids. This rare condition, when seen in vaccinated people, usually resolves in a few days. When it happens after a viral infection, such as COVID, research shows symptoms go on for weeks and months. So far 9 million young kids, under age 11, have been vaccinated. The number of myocarditis cases in that group? Zero, according to Offit.

疫苗能阻止这种严重的疾病吗？ 是的。 上个月刚刚发表在《新英格兰医学杂志》上的一项研究调查了大约 1300 名青少年。 他们中有些人接种了疫苗，有些人没有。 超过 95% 的 COVID 住院患者没有完全接种疫苗。 99% 需要生命支持的青少年也是如此。 接种疫苗的青少年的数量要低得多。 研究发现，接种疫苗在停止住院方面有 94% 的有效性。 它在让孩子远离重症监护病房方面有 98% 的有效性。

佛罗里达州还声称疫苗会引发儿童心肌炎。 这种罕见的情况，在接种疫苗的人身上看到时，通常会在几天内消退。 当它发生在病毒感染（例如 COVID）之后，研究表明症状会持续数周和数月。 到目前为止，已有 900 万 11 岁以下的儿童接种了疫苗。 该组心肌炎病例数？ 根据 Offit 的说法，为零。

I reached out to Florida officials, and a spokesperson for the health department told me they felt the studies didn’t provide convincing evidence of a benefit.

But Matthew Daley, a pediatrician who studies vaccine safety at Kaiser Permanente’s Institute for Health Research, disagrees. He’s on the CDC vaccine panel, and he told me they graded the data showing the vaccines prevented infection in children as having “high certainty.”

我联系了佛罗里达州的官员，卫生部门的一位发言人告诉我，他们认为这些研究没有提供令人信服的益处证据。

但在 Kaiser Permanente 健康研究所研究疫苗安全性的儿科医生 Matthew Daley 不同意。 他是 CDC 疫苗小组的成员，他告诉我，他们将显示疫苗预防儿童感染的数据评为“高度确定性”。

The Florida health spokesperson told me the burden of proof is on scientists to show the vaccines help children. It’s clear, unless you are playing politics, that the proof has been given.

Fischman: Disease and war are unfortunate companions. In Ukraine, the bombing of cities and attacks on civilians have been horrific to watch. And Ukranians still have to deal with the pandemic, right?

佛罗里达州卫生发言人告诉我，科学家有责任证明疫苗对儿童有帮助。 很明显，除非你在玩政治，否则证据已经给出。

Fischman：疾病和战争是不幸的伴侣。 在乌克兰，对城市的轰炸和对平民的袭击令人毛骨悚然。 乌克兰人仍然必须应对这种流行病，对吧？

Lewis: It’s a devastating situation, Josh. The bombing and shelling obviously pose a direct threat to human life, but in the fog of war, other health risks may be overlooked.

Understandably, most people are more worried about their immediate safety than the possibility of catching COVID, but the disease remains a significant risk. COVID “hasn’t gone away, but priorities certainly changed,” says Paul Spiegel, director of the Center for Humanitarian Health at Johns Hopkins.

刘易斯：这是一个毁灭性的情况，乔希。 轰炸和炮击显然对人类生命构成直接威胁，但在战争迷雾中，其他健康风险可能被忽视。

可以理解的是，大多数人更担心自己的直接安全，而不是感染 COVID 的可能性，但这种疾病仍然是一个重大风险。 约翰霍普金斯大学人道主义健康中心主任保罗·斯皮格尔说，COVID“并没有消失，但优先事项肯定发生了变化”。

Crowded bomb shelters and packed subway trains are perfect conditions for COVID transmission, he says. Judging by photos, most people are–understandably–not wearing masks. And only about 35% of Ukrainians are fully vaccinated. Before the war the country had been coming out of an Omicron wave and cases were declining, but it’s hard to know what’s happening now because of disruptions in reporting.

他说，拥挤的防空洞和拥挤的地铁列车是传播新冠病毒的完美条件。 从照片来看，大多数人——可以理解——不戴口罩。 只有大约 35% 的乌克兰人完全接种了疫苗。 战前，该国已经摆脱了 Omicron 浪潮，病例正在下降，但由于报道中断，很难知道现在发生了什么。

Fischman: Have you been able to find out anything about how COVID patients are being treated?

Lewis: Those who do get COVID or other illnesses will likely have a hard time getting treatment in Ukraine. Hospital ICU beds are being taken up by trauma patients. And there is already a dire shortage of oxygen.

Fischman：您是否能够了解有关 COVID 患者如何接受治疗的任何信息？

刘易斯：那些确实感染了新冠病毒或其他疾病的人可能很难在乌克兰接受治疗。 医院ICU病床被创伤患者占用。 而且已经严重缺乏氧气。

On top of this, we have seen a disturbing number of attacks on hospitals and health care workers. Willfully attacking health care providers and civilians could be considered a war crime.

As of Wednesday there had been at least 34 direct attacks on health care facilities since the war started, according to a World Health Organization surveillance system.

最重要的是，我们看到了令人不安的针对医院和医护人员的袭击事件。 故意攻击医疗保健提供者和平民可被视为战争罪。

根据世界卫生组织的监测系统，自战争开始以来，截至周三，至少有 34 起对医疗保健设施的直接袭击。

A devastating photo circulated recently showing a pregnant woman on a stretcher amidst the bombed out shell of a hospital in the eastern Ukrainian city of Mah-ri-yoo-pol. That woman and her baby later died, according to news reports. The WHO has called for an immediate end to these attacks and a ceasefire to allow for humanitarian assistance. Aid organizations can’t even get medical supplies to many parts of the country because humanitarian corridors have been closed off.

最近流传的一张毁灭性照片显示，一名孕妇在乌克兰东部城市 Mah-ri-yoo-pol 的一家医院被炸毁的外壳中躺在担架上。 据新闻报道，那个女人和她的孩子后来死了。 世卫组织呼吁立即停止这些袭击并停火以提供人道主义援助。 由于人道主义走廊已被关闭，援助组织甚至无法向该国许多地区提供医疗用品。

Fischman: I remember that photo. Do we know how many refugees have actually fled?

Lewis: At least three million. And many of them could be suffering from COVID and other infections. That does not mean, however, that we should blame refugees for bringing in disease.

The reality is that Europe already had high rates of COVID, and those rates are increasing now in the UK and other places. Nevertheless, many Ukrainian refugees will likely require medical treatment wherever they end up.

Fischman：我记得那张照片。 我们知道有多少难民实际上已经逃离了吗？

刘易斯：至少三百万。 他们中的许多人可能患有新冠病毒和其他感染。 然而，这并不意味着我们应该责怪难民带来疾病。

现实情况是，欧洲的新冠病毒感染率已经很高，而现在英国和其他地方的感染率正在上升。 尽管如此，许多乌克兰难民可能会在他们最终到达的任何地方需要医疗。

Beyond COVID, the war in Ukraine is likely to increase the risk of other infectious diseases, such as TB or HIV. Ukraine already had a high burden of TB before the war, but organizations such as the Stop TB Partnership had been making progress against it. Now that progress will likely be reversed and may take years to rebuild, according to Stop TB’s executive director, Lucica Ditiu.

除了 COVID，乌克兰的战争可能会增加其他传染病的风险，例如结核病或艾滋病毒。 乌克兰在战前就已经承受着沉重的结核病负担，但遏制结核病伙伴关系等组织一直在取得进展。 根据 Stop TB 的执行董事 Lucica Ditiu 的说法，现在这种进展可能会逆转，可能需要数年时间才能重建。

The war may also lead to new outbreaks of vaccine-preventable illnesses such as measles and polio. An outbreak of polio cases in Ukraine late last year spurred renewed vaccination efforts, but the war has brought those to a halt. Then there’s the risk of diarrheal diseases due to the destruction of water and sanitation facilities.

战争还可能导致麻疹和脊髓灰质炎等疫苗可预防疾病的新爆发。 去年底乌克兰爆发的脊髓灰质炎病例刺激了新的疫苗接种工作，但战争使这些工作停止了。 此外，由于水和卫生设施遭到破坏，还有患腹泻病的风险。

On top of everything else, Ukrainians will likely suffer lasting psychological trauma from being exposed to wartime violence and displacement.

最重要的是，乌克兰人可能会因暴露于战时暴力和流离失所而遭受持久的心理创伤。

Historically, it’s well-established that war and violent conflicts can worsen disease outbreaks. For example, the recent Ebola outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo were exacerbated by violent conflict and attacks on healthcare workers. And the decade-long war in Syria has led to measles outbreaks. Whatever happens next in Ukraine, the conflict will likely have impacts on health and wellbeing that far outlast the immediate damage.

从历史上看，众所周知，战争和暴力冲突会加剧疾病的爆发。 例如，最近在刚果民主共和国爆发的埃博拉疫情因暴力冲突和对医护人员的袭击而加剧。 叙利亚长达十年的战争导致麻疹爆发。 无论乌克兰接下来会发生什么，冲突对健康和福祉的影响都可能远远超过直接损害。

Fischman: Now you’re up to speed. Thanks for joining us. Our show is edited by Jeff DelViscio and Tulika Bose.

Lewis: Come back in two weeks for the next episode of COVID, Quickly! And check out sciam.com for updated and in-depth COVID news.

Fischman：现在你已经跟上进度了。 感谢您加入我们。 我们的节目由 Jeff DelViscio 和 Tulika Bose 编辑。

刘易斯：两周后回来看新冠病毒的下一集，快！ 并查看 sciam.com 以获取最新和深入的 COVID 新闻。