科学美国人60秒 混合免疫的好处，以及回到办公室的冒险（在线收听）

The Benefits of Hybrid Immunity, and Venturing Back to the Office: COVID Quickly

混合免疫的好处，以及回到办公室的冒险

Tanya Lewis: Hi, and welcome to COVID, Quickly, a Scientific American podcast series.

Josh Fischman: This is your fast-track update on the COVID pandemic. We bring you up to speed on the science behind the most urgent questions about the virus and the disease. We demystify the research and help you understand what it really means.

谭雅·刘易斯：大家好，欢迎收看美国科学播客系列节目《快速传播新冠病毒》。

乔希·菲奇曼：这是你们关于新冠疫情的快速更新。我们将向您介绍有关病毒和疾病的最紧迫问题背后的科学。我们揭开研究的神秘面纱，帮助你理解它的真正含义。

Lewis: I’m Tanya Lewis.

Fischman: I’m Josh Fischman.

Lewis: And we’re Scientific American’s senior health editors. Today,  we’ll talk about how vaccines boost immunity even if you’ve already been infected…

Fischman: ... and how to handle going back to the office, even though COVID is still around.

刘易斯：我是坦娅·刘易斯。

我是乔希·费斯曼。

刘易斯：我们是《科学美国人》的高级健康编辑。今天，我们将讨论疫苗如何提高免疫力，即使你已经被感染了

费斯曼：以及如何处理回到办公室，即使新冠病毒仍然存在。

Lewis: Many unvaccinated people believe that if you got COVID once, you’re totally protected against getting it again. But that’s not true. Can you explain?

刘易斯：许多未接种疫苗的人认为，如果你感染过一次新冠病毒，你就完全可以避免再次感染。但事实并非如此。你能解释一下吗？

Fischman: You’re talking about the idea of natural immunity, that an early infection prevents another one. It turns out that isn’t the best protection you can get. What seems to be better is something that scientists are calling “hybrid immunity.” That’s a natural infection plus a full course of vaccines. Three recent studies support this idea.

费斯曼：你说的是自然免疫的概念，即早期感染可以防止另一种感染。事实证明，这并不是你能得到的最好的保护。似乎更好的是科学家们称之为“混合免疫”的东西这是一种自然感染加上整个疗程的疫苗。最近的三项研究支持这一观点。

Now, a previous infection does help. A paper just published in the journal Lancet Infectious Diseases looked at people in Sweden who were infected once. They had a lower risk of another infection, when compared with folks who hadn’t ever been infected or folks who hadn’t been vaccinated.

现在，以前的感染确实有所帮助。刚刚发表在《柳叶刀传染病》杂志上的一篇论文研究了瑞典曾经被感染的人。与从未感染或未接种疫苗的人相比，他们再次感染的风险更低。

But here’s where it gets interesting. Add vaccination on top of that early infection, and it improved protection by 50 percent. It also kept that protection going strong for another six months.

但这里是有趣的地方。在早期感染的基础上再加上疫苗接种，保护效果提高了50%。它还使这种保护在接下来的六个月里保持了强劲的势头。

That dovetails with a long-term study in England, which tracked people for more than a year. It appeared in the New England Journal of Medicine. Early infection did prevent 80 percent of second infections that would otherwise be expected. That’s pretty good. But adding vaccines improved that protection more, to nearly 100 percent.

这与英国的一项长期研究相吻合，该研究追踪了一年多的人。它发表在《新英格兰医学杂志》上。早期感染确实阻止了80%的第二次感染，否则这是意料之中的。很好。但添加疫苗后，这种保护作用得到了更大的改善，达到了近100%。

Finally, a study in Brazil found that people who’d been infected, and then got 2 doses of vaccines, avoided 65 percent of the new infections that you’d normally expect, and 80 percent of severe COVID cases. So infection alone does something, but adding vaccines does a lot more.

最后，巴西的一项研究发现，被感染的人，然后接种了两剂疫苗，避免了65%的新感染，以及80%的严重新冠病例。因此，单靠感染就能起到一定作用，但添加疫苗的作用要大得多。

All this brings up the issue of Omicron. I wonder, Tanya, if an infection with the original Omicron, BA.1, prevents you from getting  BA.2, the sub-variant that’s circulating now?

所有这些都带来了Omicron的问题。我想知道Tanya是不是感染了原始的Omicron BA。1.阻止你获得学士学位。2.现在流行的亚变种？

Lewis: That’s a great question. In a recent story, SciAm contributor Charlie Schmidt reports that early studies suggest reinfection with BA.2 after BA.1 is possible, but rare. “If you were infected with BA.1, then you’re probably well protected from BA.2,” Stephen Griffin, a virologist at the University of Leeds School of Medicine in England, told Charlie. But that protection may not be complete, Griffin said.

刘易斯：这是个好问题。在最近的一篇报道中，SciAm撰稿人Charlie Schmidt报道说，早期研究表明BA会再次感染。英航后2点。1是可能的，但很少见。英国利兹大学医学院病毒学家Stephen Griffin告诉查利：“如果你感染了BA。1，那么你很可能被保护在BA。2。”但格里芬说，这种保护可能并不完整。

Countries that had big BA.1 peaks, like South Africa, haven’t seen a big BA.2 peak so far. Then again, the U.K. had a big BA.1 surge, and still saw a notable peak in BA.2 infections several months later. But that could be more to do with the fact that it dropped all COVID restrictions, so people who had avoided getting infected in the previous wave might’ve gotten sick later.

拥有大学士学位的国家。1山峰，比如南非，还没有看到一个大的BA。2.到目前为止达到顶峰。再说，英国有一个大的BA。1次激增，但仍然在巴看到了一个显著的峰值。几个月后感染了2例。但这可能更多地是因为它取消了所有新冠病毒的限制，所以在前一波疫情中避免感染的人以后可能会生病。

We’re already seeing an uptick in infections in parts of the U.S., especially in the Northeast. Whether that will lead to another surge or just a small bump remains to be seen. The good news is, many people will have some immunity from infection, vaccination, or both.

我们已经看到美国部分地区，特别是东北部的感染率上升。这是否会导致另一次激增，还是只是一个小波折，还有待观察。好消息是，许多人将对感染、疫苗接种或两者都有免疫力。

Fischman: So our company just announced it’s reopening the office. Everyone’s expected to show up. And with COVID still around, I’m not super-comfortable with crowds. Are you?

Lewis: Not especially. I’ve been pretty careful throughout the pandemic, avoiding most indoor places except for essential ones like the grocery store, and wearing an N95 or KN95 mask whenever I’m indoors. So the idea of going back to the office regularly, especially without a mask mandate, has me a little nervous.

菲奇曼：所以我们公司刚刚宣布重新开放办公室。每个人都会出现。由于新冠病毒仍然存在，我对人群感到不太舒服。你是吗？

刘易斯：不特别。在大流行期间，我一直非常小心，除了像杂货店这样的重要场所外，我尽量避开大多数室内场所，每当我在室内时，我都会戴上N95或KN95口罩。所以，定期回办公室的想法，尤其是不戴口罩的情况下，让我有点紧张。

Fischman: Aren’t you vaccinated and boosted, though?

Lewis: I’m not super concerned about getting very sick myself. But I do worry about spreading the virus to others who are more vulnerable. I actually have an immunocompromised family member I visit from time to time. Plus there’s the risk of long COVID. But I’m probably going to go into the office a couple days a week and just wear my N95. What about you?

菲奇曼：不过，你不是接种了疫苗并增强了免疫力吗？

刘易斯：我自己也不太担心生病。但我确实担心病毒会传播给其他更脆弱的人。事实上，我有一个免疫功能低下的家庭成员，我经常去探望。另外还有长期感染新冠病毒的风险。但我可能会每周几天去办公室，只穿N95。那你呢？

Fischman: Yeah, I’m with you on the masks. People who work retail, in grocery stores and restaurants, wear them because they deal with a stream of different people all day. So I’ll do that too.

是的，我和你一起戴面具。零售业、杂货店和餐馆的工作人员都会戴着它们，因为他们整天都在和不同的人打交道。所以我也会这么做。

I also want to keep an eye on community spread. The CDC has a tracker for this, called “COVID-19 Community Levels.” You can Google it. It looks at both new cases and hospitalizations by country, and uses those to describe areas as low, medium, or high spread.

Lewis: So, how do you plan to use that info?

我还想关注社区传播。CDC有一个跟踪器，叫做“COVID-19社区级”。你可以用谷歌搜索。它按国家分析了新病例和住院情况，并用它们来描述低、中或高传播地区。

刘易斯：那么，你打算如何使用这些信息？

Fischman: If my area goes into medium or high, I’m going to use a mask even more often. But it's just weird, to look at stats showing that cases are starting to rise and then hop on a crowded train to go to a crowded office. Isn’t it?

Fischman：如果我的区域达到中等或高，我会更频繁地使用口罩。但奇怪的是，数据显示病例开始上升，然后跳上拥挤的火车去拥挤的办公室。不是吗？

Lewis: Yes, it is unnerving. Even though MY risk of getting severely ill with COVID is fairly low, that doesn’t mean I want to get it if I can help it, especially given we may be entering another surge. But does the CDC tracker miss some important info, Josh?

Fischman: True. That tracker is also too wishy-washy about when to wear a mask in “medium” risk areas.

刘易斯：是的，这让人不安。尽管我患新冠病毒重病的风险相当低，但这并不意味着如果我能帮助的话，我想感染新冠病毒，尤其是考虑到我们可能会进入另一个激增期。但是疾病控制中心的追踪者遗漏了一些重要信息吗，乔希？

是的。这个追踪者对于在“中等”风险区域何时戴口罩也过于含糊其辞。

Lewis: Right. And according to the CDC, Manhattan is already considered medium risk. For now, I’ll keep using my toolbox of precautions. In addition to wearing a good mask, I’ll continue to keep my distance from people on the train when possible, and avoid crowded areas of the office.

刘易斯：对。根据疾控中心的说法，曼哈顿已经被认为是中等风险。现在，我将继续使用我的预防工具箱。除了戴好口罩，我还会尽可能与火车上的人保持距离，避免办公室里的拥挤区域。

Fischman: What do you think of our place? Does it have good airflow?

Lewis: Our office doesn’t have windows you can open, but it does have a decent MERV filtration system. But even with these precautions, there’s still some risk, and you can’t help but feel a little anxious, right?

你觉得我们的地方怎么样？空气流通良好吗？

刘易斯：我们的办公室没有你可以打开的窗户，但它有一个像样的MERV过滤系统。但即使采取了这些预防措施，仍然存在一些风险，你会情不自禁地感到有点焦虑，对吗？

Fischman: Anxiety is OK. I mean, this virus has killed 1 million Americans in two years. Now we seem to be in a world filled with spikes and dips. We do know a lot more about how to keep ourselves safer today. If we all act on that knowledge–like doing some of the things you’re doing–maybe I and a lot of other people might start to feel kind of comfortable.

菲奇曼：焦虑是可以的。我的意思是，这种病毒在两年内杀死了100万美国人。现在，我们似乎身处一个充满波峰和低谷的世界。今天，我们对如何让自己更安全知道得更多。如果我们都根据这些知识行事——比如做一些你正在做的事情——也许我和其他很多人会开始觉得有点舒服。

Lewis: Now you’re up to speed. Thanks for joining us. Our show is edited by Tulika Bose.

Fischman: Come back in two weeks for the next episode of COVID, Quickly! And check out SciAm.com for updated and in-depth COVID news.

刘易斯：现在你跟上速度了。谢谢你加入我们。我们的节目由Tulika Bose编辑。

两周后再来看新冠肺炎的下一集，快点！看看SciAm。com获取最新和深入的新冠病毒新闻。