英国卫报：独狼式恐怖分子的故事(8)（在线收听）

Gilleard was the local branch organiser of a neo-Nazi group, while Davison founded the Aryan Strike Force, the members of which went on training days in Cumbria where they flew swastika flags.

吉拉德是一个新纳粹团体的当地分支组织者，而戴维森则成立了雅利安突击队，其成员在坎布里亚训练，并在那里挥舞着纳粹旗帜。

Thomas Mair, who was also widely described as a lone wolf, does appear to have been an authentic loner, yet his involvement in rightwing extremism goes back decades.

托马斯-梅尔（Thomas Mair）也被广泛描述为独狼，他似乎确实是一个地道的“独狼”，然而他对右翼极端主义的参与历史可以追溯到几十年前。

In May 1999, the National Alliance, a white-supremacist organisation in West Virginia, sent Mair manuals that explained how to construct bombs and assemble homemade pistols.

1999年5月，西弗吉尼亚州的一个白人至上主义组织--全国联盟（National Alliance）向梅尔发送了手册，解释如何制造炸弹和组装自制手枪。

Seventeen years later, when police raided his home after the murder, they found stacks of far-right literature, Nazi memorabilia and cuttings on Anders Breivik, the Norwegian terrorist who murdered 77 people in 2011.

17年后，当警察在谋杀案发生后搜查他的家时，他们发现了成堆的极右翼文献、纳粹纪念品和关于安德斯-布雷维克的剪报，布雷维克是2011年谋杀77人的挪威恐怖分子。

Even Breivik himself, who has been called the deadliest lone-wolf attacker in [Europes] history, was not a true lone wolf.

即使是被称为欧洲历史上最致命的独狼式袭击者的布雷维克本人，也不是真正的独狼。

Prior to his arrest, Breivik had long been in contact with far-right organisations.

在被捕之前，布雷维克长期与极右组织保持联系。

A member of the English Defence League told the Telegraph that Breivik had been in regular contact with its members via Facebook, and had a hypnotic effect on them.

英国防卫联盟的一名成员告诉《电讯报》，布雷维克一直通过脸书与该组织的成员保持定期联系，并对他们有催眠作用。

If such facts fit awkwardly with the commonly accepted idea of the lone wolf, they fit better with academic research that has shown that very few violent extremists act without letting others know what they may be planning.

如果说这些事实与普遍接受的“独狼”概念很不相符，那么它们更符合学术研究，即很少有暴力极端分子在没有让其他人知道他们可能正在计划的情况下采取行动。

In the late 1990s, after realising that in most instances school shooters would reveal their intentions to close associates before acting, the FBI began to talk about leakage of critical information.

20世纪90年代末，联邦调查局意识到在大多数情况下，学校枪手会在行动前向亲密的伙伴透露他们的意图，因此开始谈论关键信息的泄露。

By 2009, it had extended the concept to terrorist attacks, and found that leakage was identifiable in more than four-fifths of 80 ongoing cases they were investigating.

到2009年，联邦调查局将这一概念扩展到恐怖袭击，并发现在他们正在调查的80个案件中，有超过五分之四的案件可以确认信息泄露。

Of these leaks, 95% were to friends, close relatives or authority figures.

在这些泄密事件中，95%是向朋友、近亲或权威人士泄露。

More recent research has underlined the garrulous nature of violent extremists.

最近的研究强调了暴力极端主义分子喋喋不休的本质。

In 2013, researchers at Pennsylvania State University examined the interactions of 119 lone-wolf terrorists from a wide variety of ideological and faith backgrounds.

2013年，宾夕法尼亚州立大学的研究人员考察了来自各种意识形态和信仰背景的119名独狼式恐怖分子的互动情况。

The academics found that, even though the terrorists launched their attacks alone, in 79% of cases others were aware of the individuals extremist ideology, and in 64% of cases family and friends were aware of the individuals intent to engage in terrorism-related activity.

学者们发现，尽管恐怖分子是独自发动袭击，但在79%的案例中，其他人都知道这些人的极端主义意识形态，在64%的案例中，家人和朋友都知道这些人打算从事与恐怖主义有关的活动。

Another more recent survey found that 45% of Islamic militant cases talked about their inspiration and possible actions with family and friends.

另一项更近期的调查发现，45%的伊斯兰激进分子案件与家人和朋友谈论了他们的灵感和可能的行动。

While only 18% of rightwing counterparts did, they were much more likely to post telling indicators on the internet.

虽然只有18%的右翼同行这样做，但他们更有可能在互联网上发布相关信息。