VOA时事新闻2023 印尼在转向清洁能源的过程中面临各种挑战（在线收听）

Indonesia is one of the world's largest coal-producing countries.

印度尼西亚是世界上最大的煤炭生产国之一。

But it has agreed to reduce its use of fossil fuels in the coming years.

但该国已同意在未来几年减少化石燃料的使用。

Indonesia reached five agreements to reduce its emissions of carbon gases last year.

印度尼西亚去年达成了五项减少碳排放的协议。

These included the $20 billion Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) deal.

其中包括价值200亿美元的“公正能源转型伙伴关系”协议。

It was reached during the Group of 20 meeting in Bali last November.

该协议是去年11月在巴厘岛举行的二十国集团会议上达成的。

The deal aims to turn one of the largest coal-producing countries toward clean energy resources.

该协议旨在使该最大煤炭生产国转向清洁能源。

But experts warn many difficulties need to be overcome.

但专家警告称，还有许多困难需要克服。

David Elzinga is with the Asian Development Bank.

戴维·埃尔津加就职于亚洲开发银行。

He said that Indonesia's energy transition is "very unique."

他说，印度尼西亚的能源转型是“非常独特的”。

That is because of the country's high economic growth, geography, population centers and possibilities for "clean energy," he said.

他说，这是因为该国的经济高速发展、地理位置、人口密度和开发“清洁能源”的可能性。

Indonesia has the ability to create electricity from the sun, dams, the Earth's heat, and wind.

印度尼西亚有能力利用太阳、水坝、地热和风发电。

But the International Renewable Energy Agency says only about 12 percent of its energy potential is used.

但国际可再生能源机构表示，该国只有大约12%的能源潜力得到了利用。

Nearly all energy demand is met by coal, gas, and oil, with 60 percent coming from coal.

几乎所有的能源需求都是由煤炭、天然气和石油来满足的，其中60%来自煤炭。

The International Energy Agency says that, in 2021, Indonesia's emissions from the energy industry equaled around 600 million tons of carbon dioxide.

国际能源机构表示，2021年，印度尼西亚能源行业的排放量约为6亿吨二氧化碳。

That is the world's ninth highest emissions total.

该排放总量位居世界第九高。

Indonesia has the world's fourth largest population.

印度尼西亚是世界第四人口大国。

Its population and economic growth are expected to increase the country's energy use by three times by 2050.

预计到2050年，该国的人口和经济增长将会使该国的能源使用量增加三倍。

Elzinga said it is hard to make changes when there is such large growth.

埃尔津加说，在增长如此之多的情况下，很难做出改变。

Many more-developed economies have bigger goals for renewable energy.

许多更发达的经济体在可再生能源方面有更大的目标。

But researchers say no country is currently meeting world climate goals.

但研究人员表示，目前没有一个国家达到世界气候目标。

Indonesian officials have started to change.

印度尼西亚官员已经开始做出改变。

For example, they have announced new rules for solar energy.

例如，他们宣布了太阳能的新规定。

They have also set a goal to increase electric car sales to 25 percent of total vehicle sales by 2030.

他们还制定了一个目标，即到2030年将电动汽车销量提高到汽车总销量的25%。

But experts warn Indonesia is behind other Southeast Asian nations.

但专家警告称，印度尼西亚落后于其他东南亚国家。

With the JETP deal, Indonesia is promising to reach "net zero" emissions from its power industry by 2050.

根据“公正能源转型伙伴关系”协议，印度尼西亚承诺到2050年实现其电力行业的“净零”排放。

That means the country promises to balance the carbon emissions released with carbon that is collected.

这意味着该国承诺平衡碳排放与碳收集。

Indonesia is also promising that renewable energy will make up over one third of all power creation by 2030.

印度尼西亚还承诺，到2030年，可再生能源将占到所有电力来源的三分之一以上。

But Elrika Hamdi said financing remains a problem.

但埃尔里卡·哈姆迪表示，资金仍然是一个问题。

She is an energy finance expert at the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis.

她是能源经济与金融分析研究所的能源金融专家。

One estimate says Indonesia will need up to $2.4 trillion in investment across its energy system by 2050.

据估计，到2050年，印尼整个能源系统将需要高达2.4万亿美元的投资。

"We still have a long way to go to find out...how we could gather up the financing to do this," said Hamdi.

哈姆迪说：“我们还有很长的路要走……我们如何才能筹集到资金来做这件事。”

Another concern raised by activists is that the JETP deal does not make clear whether Indonesia would face any restrictions for building new coal plants.

活动人士提出的另一个担忧是，“公正能源转型伙伴关系”协议没有明确说明印尼在建设新的燃煤电厂方面是否会面临任何限制。

A 2022 presidential rule permits coal plants that were planned earlier to be built.

2022年总统的一项规定允许建造之前计划的燃煤电厂。

Coal is a valuable part of Indonesia's economy.

煤炭是印尼经济的重要组成部分。

The country is the largest exporter by weight in the world.

按重量计算，该国是世界上最大的出口国。

The war in Ukraine has also caused an increase in energy prices.

乌克兰战争也导致能源价格上涨。

High prices will likely remain for the next two or three years, Hamdi said.

哈姆迪说，未来两三年，价格可能会居高不下。

"You can understand the rationale for them wanting to develop their industries and their natural resources," Elzinga said.

埃尔津加：“你可以理解他们想要发展他们的工业和自然资源的根本原因”。

PLN is Indonesia's state-owned electricity company.

PLN是印尼国有电力公司。

In a statement to The Associated Press, the chief of PLN said that the company has already cancelled some coal power plants.

在给美联社的一份声明中，PLN的负责人表示，该公司已经取消了一些燃煤电厂。

The official said he is "committed to lead the energy transition in Indonesia."

这位高级职员说，他“致力于领导印尼的能源转型”。

Daniel Kurniawan is a researcher for the Institute for Essential Services Reform based in the capital Jakarta.

丹尼尔·库尼亚万是总部设在首都雅加达的基本服务改革研究所的研究员。

He said Indonesia has not developed a strong solar energy policy.

他说，印尼尚未制定强有力的太阳能政策。

He said there is a lack of political will for Indonesia to move away from coal power.

他说，印尼缺乏放弃燃煤发电的政治意愿。

But, he added, "That is bound to change with JETP."

但是，他补充说，“这种情况肯定会因‘公正能源转型伙伴关系’协议而改变。”

Muliawan Margadana is with the Indonesia Mining Association.

穆利亚万·马加达纳就职于印度尼西亚矿业协会。

He raised concerns over communities dependent on the coal industry.

他对依赖煤炭工业的社区表示担忧。

In East Kalimantan, for example, coal makes up 35 percent of the economy and employs nearly nine percent of the population.

例如，在东加里曼丹省，煤炭占经济总量的35%，雇佣了近9%的人口。

But Margadana and Hamdi said that retraining workers is possible.

但马加达纳和哈姆迪表示，对工人进行再培训是可能的。

The money should be spent "to help these impacted workers, whether through upskilling, reskilling, or community development," added Hamdi.

哈姆迪补充说，这笔钱应该用来“帮助这些受影响的工人，无论是通过提高技能、再培训还是社区发展。”

I'm Dan Novak.

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