Who on Earth are we 11（在线收听）

Callum: Hello and welcome to the last in our series about culture and inter-cultural communication Who on Earth are we?

Over the course of this series, we’ve heard about some of the ways that we can explore cultural differences, we’ve come closer to understanding the nature of ‘culture’ - and found ways that can help us communicate better with people from different cultural backgrounds. But have we come any closer to understanding what our own cultures are like - do we know ‘who on earth we are?’

We’ll try to answer that question at the end of the programme. Before that, though, let’s look back at some of the main points covered during the series - and then consider how we can make practical use of this knowledge.

We heard that the nature of the culture we grow up in is invisible to us. We don’t look at our own culture because, for us, it’s normal.

We looked at language – and how languages are different, not just in the way they sound or the words they use, but because different languages represent both the different ways people experience the world, and influence the way the people of a culture think and behave.

We considered the differences between verbal cultures, where people value talk and verbal reasoning – and non-verbal cultures, where silence is considered a positive thing because it can help to maintain social harmony.

Then, we heard about the different ways people from different cultures use body-language, touch and gesture – and how this can affect, and be affected by, different cultural attitudes to time and space.

One of the most important ideas we covered, was the distinction between cultures where the individual is seen as central, and those where the group is seen as the most important unit.

We looked at cultural dimensions（规模） - at how we can begin to see what a culture is like by considering things such as a culture’s attitude to power, whether a culture tries to avoid uncertainty, or to what extent a culture values masculine or feminine characteristics.

And in recent programme we looked at some of the barriers to successful communication between people from different cultures, and the problem of culture shock. But what are the practical implications（蕴涵试） of all this? What use can we make of this information? Over to series writer and presenter, Marc Beeby.

Marc: Well, we need to turn these theories into action –when we meet and talk to people from other cultures, for example – or, more particularly, when we go to live in a foreign country. And how do we do that? Sit back and listen as people from around the world help Rebecca Fong – a teacher of intercultural communication from the University of the West of England, present a guide to turning theories about culture into successful - and beneficial -intercultural practice

Rebecca Fong

First and foremost the biggest barrier to adjusting to a new culture could well be assuming that it'll be easy and that you'll be OK. If it is - obviously that's fantastic -if it isn't - which it's much more likely to be - then don't panic -this is normal, you're normal. Focus on the idea of cultural relativism - no one culture is right. We shouldn't use our own standards to judge other cultures with. Begin the process of asking questions about how and why different cultures do things differently.

Eilidh Hamilton

We all believe that our culture is the right way of doing it because we've always been told this is right, this is how you behave, this is what you must say, this is what you must do. When you move to another culture often you have to realise that what you have learnt is not intrinsically （内在地，固有的）right -it's just one way.

Rebecca Fong

Prepare: Arm yourself with the facts before you go - find out about the geography and the history the food the customs. Learn the language -this will give you control in your new culture -it will also give you an opportunity to meet people and socialise and a window on the way the culture works as you come to understand how the language is used.

When you get there: When you get there, try and make friends as soon as you can. A good way of making real friends in a culture is by joining local cookery（烹调法） courses or music or drama courses or sports clubs. Whatever your local neighbourhood has to offer.

Emma Kambangula

Having travelled all over the world and met people from different cultures, I feel it made me quite a rich person. When I go home I know how to treat other people from other cultures and to inform my people how to respect people with their cultures – because sometimes you find them rude, but it’s not that they’re rude, it’s how they take it in their country. But it really educated me quite a lot and I'm really happy about that.

Rebecca Fong

Work on yourself: This is probably the most important thing of all. Raise your self-awareness and remember that culture is not only about what we believe - but much harder to get control of - it's about the way that we behave - so be observant（观察力敏锐的） - watch what's going on around you and notice behavioural differences. Listen to yourself. Even when you get frustrated, try not to lose your temper; be restrained, reserve judgement, wait until you've really made an effort to find out the reasons for your frustrations.

James Keegan

Making cultural change, it isn’t necessarily that you have to adapt and become part of that culture. But the one thing you owe it, to any other culture, is to be aware. Just be aware that in France you know, things are done differently. Just be aware that when you go to Japan, things are done differently. And don’t stand there and say: oh this isn’t the way we do it, and how strange or how peculiar. （奇怪的，古怪的）You’ve got to sort of recognise that different cultures do things differently.

Rebecca Fong

Be sensitive: When situations are difficult consider that it may in fact be you that is doing something wrong. Be introspective（内省） learn to ask yourself questions especially if you can't understand why it is that things are happening differently around you. Be open and tolerant - try not to dismiss things you don't know about. Criticising or rejecting the culture's favourite food or their favourite pastime or their favourite sport might turn out to be offensive. Don't be judgmental. Try to put yourself in the shoes of the other culture and imagine why their world is as it is.

Be sociable（好交际的） and extrovert:（性格外向的） Nobody knows you in this culture - you don't have your old reputation to live up to. So even if you're a shy person back home, adopt a new identity - be the person that you've always secretly wanted to be. Be wary of stereotypes - remember you can be so busy looking for stereotypes that you blind yourself to all the other characteristics that are also there.

Mahmood Jamal

Just like probably English people saw people from Pakistan or Bangladesh or India as being one homogenous（同质的，同类的） group, I also used to see English people as one homogenous group. So that was the first breakdown of my stereotype of English people - that English people are a variety of people from a variety of classes, a variety of backgrounds, a variety of regions. In a way what I am saying is that that is the way one should look at almost every country, every nation and every culture because there's no such thing as a monolithic（完全统一的，整体的） person, you know, or a culture.

Rebecca Fong

Situations to avoid: A common reaction to difference is to seek what you know in the company of other expatriates（亡命国外者） in the place where you go. This can end up really slowing down your learning process and worse it can turn into super ethno-centric moaning（悲啼） situations where everyone sits around idealising the home country and downgrades the benefits of the host culture. Along the same lines -if all you're going to do when you go abroad is to try to replicate（折叠，重复） your home country as closely as you can by eating the same food and dressing the same and kitting your house out the same and doing the same activities -then why did you bother to go at all?

Kyung-ja Yoo

I'm quite fortunate I'm quite the lucky one - because I now have a comparison - comparison of Eastern culture and Western culture so I could possibly understand why people are behaving like that better than the people who never left the country. But sometimes I feel like I don't really belong to anywhere - in a way it makes me free, much more free.

Rebecca Fong

As soon as you make the decision to change your external behaviour and your habits a little bit to match the culture you're in you'll be simply amazed by how much doors open for you, how people will admire the effort you're making to fit in and how they respond to this by taking you into their inner circles and confiding in you.

Devon Krohn

I think what I've learnt from being abroad is just to be more open-minded I know that sounds like a cliché but you meet so many different kinds of people and doing different things and behaving in different ways that you think to yourself -it works that way as well -it doesn't just work my way. and you become a lot more tolerant.

Rebecca Fong

Above all try to maintain a sense of humour through thick and thin. See the positive side. Nothing is ever all bad or all difficult. If you make a real effort to acculturate（适应文化） in the time that you have then living in a foreign culture will doubtlessly remain with you as one of the best experiences that you'll ever have in your life.

Callum: Rebecca Fong, with a practical guide to successful inter-cultural communication. You also heard from Eilidh Hamilton and Devon Krohn from Britain, Emma Kambangula from Namibia, James Keegan in the USA, Mahmoud Jamal from Pakistan, and Kyung-ja Yoo from Japan. My thanks to them, and to all the people from around the world who have taken part in this series. I know they’ve helped me become a better inter-culturalist. But my special thanks goes to our cultural guide, Rebecca Fong. And I’ll leave the final word in the series to her.

Rebecca Fong

Learning about other people's cultures is one of the most fantastically rewarding things that any of us will ever do and in asking ourselves questions about how other cultures operate we'll inevitably （不可避免的）have to compare and contrast them with our own cultures so that an unexpected by-product of studying other cultures will be learning more about the way that our own cultures operate -which brings us nearer to being able to answer the question - who on Earth are we?

(本文由在线英语听力室整理编辑)