EXPLORATIONS - October 16, 2002: Information Age, Part 1
By Paul Thompson
VOICE ONE:
This is Mary Tillotson.
VOICE TWO:
And this is Steve Ember with the VOA Special English program EXPLORATIONS. Today, we begin a series of
three programs about modern communications. Our first program tells about the history of communications.
(THEME)
VOICE ONE:
Information always has been extremely important. Throughout history, some information has had value beyond
measure. The lack of information often cost huge amounts of money and, sometimes, many lives.
One example of this took place near the American city of New Orleans, Louisiana. Britain and the United States
were fighting the War of Eighteen-Twelve. American and British forces fought near New Orleans on January
eighth, eighteen-fifteen. The battle of New Orleans is a famous battle. As in all large battles, hundreds of troops
were killed or wounded.
After the battle, the Americans and the British learned there had been no need to
fight. Negotiators for the United States and Britain had signed a peace treaty in the
city of Ghent, Belgium, two weeks earlier. Yet news of the treaty had not reached
the United States before the opposing troops met in New Orleans. The battle had
been a terrible waste. People died because information about the peace treaty
traveled so slowly.
VOICE TWO:
From the beginning of human history, information traveled only as fast as a ship could sail. Or a horse could run.
Or a person could walk.
People experimented with other ways to send messages. Some people tried using birds to carry messages. Then
they discovered it was not always a safe way to send or receive information.
A faster method finally arrived with the invention of the telegraph. The first useful telegraphs were developed in
Britain and the United States in the eighteen-thirties.
The telegraph was the first instrument used to send information using wires and electricity. The telegraph sent
messages between two places which were connected by telegraph wires. The person at one end would send the
information.
The second person would receive it. Each letter of the alphabet and each number had to be
sent separately by a device called a telegraph key. The second person would write each letter
on a piece of paper as it was received. Here is what it sounds like. For our example we will
only send you three letters: V-O-A. We will send it two times. Listen closely.
(SOUND: Telegraph key)
VOICE ONE:
In the eighteen-fifties, an expert with a telegraph key could send about thirty-five to forty
words in a minute. It took several hours to send a lot of information. However, the telegraph
permitted people who lived in cities to communicate much faster. Telegraph lines linked large city centers. The
telegraph soon had a major influence on daily life.
The telegraph provided information about everything. Governments, businesses and individuals used the
telegraph to send information. At the same time, newspapers used the telegraph to get the information needed to
tell readers what was happening in the world. Newspapers often were printed four or five times a day as new
information about important stories was received over the telegraph. The telegraph was the quickest method of
sending news from one place to another.
VOICE TWO:
On August fifth, eighteen-fifty-eight, the first message was transmitted by a wire cable
under the Atlantic Ocean. The wire linked the United States and Europe by telegraph.
This meant that a terrible mistake like the battle of New Orleans would not happen
again.
Reports of the daily news events in Europe began to appear in American newspapers.
And the news of the United States appeared in European newspapers. Information now
took only a matter of hours to reach most large cities in the world.
This was true for the big cities linked by the telegraph. It was different, though, if you lived in a small farming
town, kilometers away from the large cities. The news you got might be a day or two late. It took that long for
you to receive your newspaper.
((MUSIC BRIDGE))
VOICE ONE:
On November second, nineteen-twenty, radio station K-D-K-A in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, broadcast the first
radio program. That broadcast gave the results of a presidential election.
Within a few short years, news and information could be heard anywhere a radio broadcast could reach. Radios
did not cost much. So most people owned at least one radio.
Radio reporters began to speak to the public from cities where important events were taking place.
Political leaders also discovered that radio was a valuable political instrument. It permitted them to talk directly
to the public. If you had a radio, you did not have to wait until your newspaper arrived. You could often hear
important events as they happened.
VOICE TWO:
Some people learned quickly that information meant power. Many countries in the nineteen-thirties began
controlling information. The government of Nazi Germany is a good example.
Before and during World War Two, the government of Nazi Germany controlled all information the German
people received. The government controlled all radio broadcasts and newspapers. The people of Germany only
heard or read what the government wanted them to hear or read. It was illegal for them to listen to a foreign
broadcast.
VOICE ONE:
After World War Two, a new invention appeared -- television. In the industrial countries, television quickly
became common in most homes. Large companies were formed to produce television programs. These
companies were called networks. Networks include many television stations linked together that could broadcast
the same program at the same time.
Most of the programs were designed to entertain people. There were movies, music programs and game
programs. However, television also broadcast news and important information about world events. It broadcast
some education programs too. The number of radio and television stations around the world increased. It became
harder for a dictator to control information.
((MUSIC BRIDGE))
VOICE TWO:
In the nineteen-fifties, two important events took place that greatly affected the communication of information.
The first was a television broadcast that showed the East Coast and the West Coast of the United States at the
same time. The two coasts were linked by a cable that carried the pictures. So people watching the program saw
the Pacific Ocean on the left side of the screen. On the right side of the screen they saw the Atlantic Ocean.
It was not a film. People could see two reporters talk to each other although they were separated by a continent.
Modern technology made this possible.
The other event happened on September twenty-fifth, nineteen-fifty-six. That was when the first telephone cable
under the Atlantic Ocean made it possible to make direct telephone calls from the United States to Europe.
Less than six years later, in July nineteen-sixty-two, the first communications satellite was placed in orbit around
the Earth. The speed of information again greatly increased.
VOICE ONE:
By the year nineteen-hundred, big city newspapers provided the people of the city with news that was only hours
old. Now, both radio and television, with the aid of satellite communications, could provide information
immediately. People who lived in a small village could listen to or watch world events as they happened.
A good example is when American astronaut Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the moon.
Millions of people around the world watched as he carefully stepped onto the moon on July twentieth, nineteen-
sixty-nine. People in large cities, small towns and villages saw the event as it was happening. There was no delay
in communicating this important information.
VOICE TWO:
Only a few years after Neil Armstrong stepped on the moon, the United States Department of Defense began an
experiment. That experiment led to a system to pass huge amounts of information around the world in seconds.
Experts called it the beginning of the Information Age. The story of that experiment will be our report next week
on EXPLORATIONS.
((THEME))
VOICE ONE:
This Special English program was written by Paul Thompson. It was produced by Caty Weaver. This is Mary
Tillotson.
VOICE TWO:
And this is Steve Ember. Join us again next week on the Voice of America for our second program about the
Information Age.
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