THE MAKING OF A NATION 191 - Pearl Harbor to Europe

THE MAKING OF A NATION - May 2, 2002: Pearl Harbor to Europe

By David Jarmul
VOICE 1:

THE MAKING OF A NATION -- a program in Special English by the Voice of America.

(Theme)

Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor in December nineteen-forty-one was one of the most
successful surprise attacks in the history of modern warfare¹. Japanese warships²,
including several aircraft carriers, crossed the western Pacific to Hawaii without
being seen. They launched their warplanes on Sunday morning to attack the huge
American naval³ and air base.

Many of the American sailors were asleep or at church. They were completely
surprised. In fact, some Americans outside the base thought the Japanese planes
must be American airmen making training flights in new airplanes. The sounds of
guns and bombs soon showed how wrong they were.

VOICE 2:

The Japanese planes sank or seriously damaged six powerful American battleships in just a few minutes. They
killed more than three-thousand sailors. They destroyed or damaged half the American airplanes in Hawaii.

American forces were so surprised that they were unable to offer much of a fight. Japanese losses were very light.

Japan's destruction at Pearl Harbor was so complete that officials in Washington did not tell the full details
immediately to the American people. They were afraid the nation might panic if it learned the truth about the loss
of so much American military power.

VOICE 1:

The following day, President Roosevelt went to the Capitol building to ask Congress
for a declaration of war against Japan. The Senate approved his request without
opposition⁴. In the House of Representatives, only one congressman⁵ objected.

Three days later, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States. Congress
reacted by declaring war on those two countries.

The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor ended the long American debate about whether
to become involved in the Second World War. American politicians and citizens had
argued for years about whether to remain neutral or fight to help Britain and France
and other friends.

Japan's aggressive attack at Pearl Harbor united Americans in a common desire for
military victory. It made Americans willing to do whatever was necessary to win the
war. And it pushed America into a kind of world leadership that its people had never

known before.

VOICE 2:

President Franklin Roosevelt and his advisers⁶ had to make an important decision about how to fight the war.
Would the United States fight Japan first, or Germany, or both enemies at the same time.

Japan's attack had brought America into the war. And it had severely⁷ damaged American military power. But

Dec. 7, 1941: The battleship
USS Arizona burns at Pearl
Harbor.
Dec. 8, 1941: Roosevelt
signs a declaration of war
against Japan.

Roosevelt decided⁸ not to strike back at Japan immediately. He would use most of his forces to fight Germany.

There were several reasons for Roosevelt's decision. First, Germany already controlled much of Europe, as well
as much of the Atlantic Ocean. Roosevelt considered this a direct threat. And he worried about possible German
intervention⁹ in Latin America.

Second, Germany was an advanced industrial nation. It had many scientists and engineers. Its factories were
modern. Roosevelt was concerned that Germany might be able to develop deadly new weapons, such as an
atomic bomb, if it was not stopped quickly.

Third, Britain historically was one of America's closest allies. And the British people were united and fighting for
their lives against Germany. This was not true in Asia. Japan's most important opponent was China. But China's
fighting forces were weak and divided, and could not offer strong opposition to the Japanese.

VOICE 1:

Hitler's decision to break his treaty with Josef Stalin and attack the soviet¹⁰ union made Roosevelt's choice final.
The American leader recognized that the Germans would have to fight on two fronts: in the west against Britain
and in the east against Russia.

He decided it was best to attack Germany while its forces were divided. So Washington sent most of its troops
and supplies to Britain to join the fight against Germany.

American military leaders hoped to attack Germany quickly by launching an attack across the English Channel.
Stalin also supported this plan. Soviet forces were suffering terrible losses from the Nazi¹¹ attack and wanted the
British and Americans to fight the Germans on the west.

However, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and other leaders opposed launching an invasion across the
English channel too quickly. They worried that such an invasion might fail, while the Germans were still so
strong. And they knew this would mean disaster.

VOICE 2:

For this reason, British and American forces decided instead to attack the Italian and German occupation troops
in north Africa.

British forces had been fighting the Italians and Germans in north Africa since late in nineteen-forty. They fought
the Italians first in Egypt and Libya. British forces had successfully pushed the Italians across Libya. They killed
more than ten-thousand Italian troops and captured more than one-hundred thirty-thousand prisoners.

But the British success did not last long. Hitler sent one of his best commanders, General Erwin Rommel, to take
command of the Italians. Rommel was brave and smart. He pushed the British back from Libya to the border with
Egypt. And in a giant battle at Tobruk, he destroyed or captured more than eight- hundred of Britains's nine-
hundred tanks.

VOICE 1:

Rommel's progress threatened Egypt and the Suez Canal. So Britain and the United States moved quickly to send
more troops and supplies to stop him.

Slowly, British forces led by General Bernard Montgomery pushed Rommel and the Germans back to Tripoli in
Libya.

In November, nineteen-forty-two, American and British forces commanded by general Dwight Eisenhower
landed in northwest Africa. They planned to attack rommel from the west, while montgomery attacked him from
the east.

But rommel knew Eisenhower's troops had done little fighting before. So he attacked them quickly before they
could launch their own attack.


VOICE 2:

A terrible battle took place at kasserine in western Tunisia. Rommel's attack failed. The American troops held
their ground. And three months later, they joined with montgomery's British troops to force the Germans in north
Africa to surrender.

The battle of north Africa was over. The allied¹² forces of Britain and the United States had regained¹³ control of the
southern mediterranean¹⁴ sea. They could now attack Hitler's forces in Europe from the south.

VOICE 1:

The allies wasted no time. They landed on the Italian island of Sicily in July of nineteen-forty-three. German
tanks fought back. But the British and American forces moved ahead. Soon they captured Sicily's capital,
Palermo. And within weeks, they forced the German forces to leave Sicily for the Italian mainland.

In late July, Italy's dictator, Benito Mussolini, was overthrown¹⁵ and placed in prison. The Germans rescued him
and helped him establish a new government, protected by German troops. But still the allies attacked.

They crossed to the Italian mainland. The Germans fought hard, returning bullet for bullet. And for some time,
they prevented the allied troops from breaking out of the coastal¹⁶ areas.

VOICE 2:

The fighting grew bloodier¹⁷. A fierce battle took place at Monte Cassino. Thousands and thousands of soldiers lost
their lives. But slowly the allies advanced north through Italy. They captured Rome in June of nineteen-fortyfour.
And they forced the Germans back into the mountains of northern Italy.

The allies would not gain complete control of Italy until the end of the war. But they had succeeded in increasing
their control of the Mediterranean and pushing back the Germans.

One reason Hitler's forces were not stronger in Africa and Italy was because German armies also were fighting in
Russia. That will be our story next week.

(Theme)

VOICE 1:

You have been listening to THE MAKING OF A NATION, a program in Special English. Our program was
narrated¹⁸ by Jack¹⁹ Weitzel and Rich Kleinfeldt. It was written by David Jarmul. The Voice of America invites you
to listen again next week to THE MAKING OF A NATION.

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1 warfare   

n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突

参考例句：

• He addressed the audience on the subject of atomic warfare.他向听众演讲有关原子战争的问题。
• Their struggle consists mainly in peasant guerrilla warfare.他们的斗争主要是农民游击战。

2 warships   

军舰，战舰( warship的名词复数 )； 舰只

参考例句：

• The enemy warships were disengaged from the battle after suffering heavy casualties. 在遭受惨重伤亡后，敌舰退出了海战。
• The government fitted out warships and sailors for them. 政府给他们配备了战舰和水手。

3 naval   

adj.海军的，军舰的，船的

参考例句：

• He took part in a great naval battle.他参加了一次大海战。
• The harbour is an important naval base.该港是一个重要的海军基地。

4 opposition   

n.反对，敌对

参考例句：

• The party leader is facing opposition in his own backyard.该党领袖在自己的党內遇到了反对。
• The police tried to break down the prisoner's opposition.警察设法制住了那个囚犯的反抗。

5 Congressman   

n.（美）国会议员

参考例句：

• He related several anecdotes about his first years as a congressman.他讲述自己初任议员那几年的几则轶事。
• The congressman is meditating a reply to his critics.这位国会议员正在考虑给他的批评者一个答复。

6 advisers   

顾问，劝告者( adviser的名词复数 )； （指导大学新生学科问题等的）指导教授

参考例句：

• a member of the President's favoured circle of advisers 总统宠爱的顾问班子中的一员
• She withdrew to confer with her advisers before announcing a decision. 她先去请教顾问然后再宣布决定。

7 severely   

adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地

参考例句：

• He was severely criticized and removed from his post.他受到了严厉的批评并且被撤了职。
• He is severely put down for his careless work.他因工作上的粗心大意而受到了严厉的批评。

8 decided   

adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的

参考例句：

• This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
• There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。

9 intervention   

n.介入，干涉，干预

参考例句：

• The government's intervention in this dispute will not help.政府对这场争论的干预不会起作用。
• Many people felt he would be hostile to the idea of foreign intervention.许多人觉得他会反对外来干预。

10 Soviet   

adj.苏联的，苏维埃的；n.苏维埃

参考例句：

• Zhukov was a marshal of the former Soviet Union.朱可夫是前苏联的一位元帅。
• Germany began to attack the Soviet Union in 1941.德国在1941年开始进攻苏联。

11 Nazi   

n.纳粹分子，adj.纳粹党的，纳粹的

参考例句：

• They declare the Nazi regime overthrown and sue for peace.他们宣布纳粹政权已被推翻，并出面求和。
• Nazi closes those war criminals inside their concentration camp.纳粹把那些战犯关在他们的集中营里。

12 allied   

adj.协约国的；同盟国的

参考例句：

• Britain was allied with the United States many times in history.历史上英国曾多次与美国结盟。
• Allied forces sustained heavy losses in the first few weeks of the campaign.同盟国在最初几周内遭受了巨大的损失。

13 regained   

复得( regain的过去式和过去分词 )； 赢回； 重回； 复至某地

参考例句：

• The majority of the people in the world have regained their liberty. 世界上大多数人已重获自由。
• She hesitated briefly but quickly regained her poise. 她犹豫片刻，但很快恢复了镇静。

14 Mediterranean   

adj.地中海的；地中海沿岸的

参考例句：

• The houses are Mediterranean in character.这些房子都属地中海风格。
• Gibraltar is the key to the Mediterranean.直布罗陀是地中海的要冲。

15 overthrown   

adj. 打翻的，推倒的，倾覆的 动词overthrow的过去分词

参考例句：

• The president was overthrown in a military coup. 总统在军事政变中被赶下台。
• He has overthrown the basic standards of morality. 他已摒弃了基本的道德标准。

16 coastal   

adj.海岸的，沿海的，沿岸的

参考例句：

• The ocean waves are slowly eating away the coastal rocks.大海的波浪慢慢地侵蚀着岸边的岩石。
• This country will fortify the coastal areas.该国将加强沿海地区的防御。

17 bloodier   

adj.血污的( bloody的比较级 )；流血的；屠杀的；残忍的

参考例句：

18 narrated   

v.故事( narrate的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• Some of the story was narrated in the film. 该电影叙述了这个故事的部分情节。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Defoe skilfully narrated the adventures of Robinson Crusoe on his desert island. 笛福生动地叙述了鲁滨逊·克鲁索在荒岛上的冒险故事。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

19 jack   

n.插座，千斤顶，男人；v.抬起，提醒，扛举；n.（Jake）杰克

参考例句：

• I am looking for the headphone jack.我正在找寻头戴式耳机插孔。
• He lifted the car with a jack to change the flat tyre.他用千斤顶把车顶起来换下瘪轮胎。