SCIENCE IN THE NEWS - Breast-Feeding and Intelligence Linked

SCIENCE IN THE NEWS -May 28, 2002: Breast-Feeding and Intelligence Linked? / Americans on the
Internet / Design a Traveling AIDS Medical Center for Africa

VOICE ONE:
This is Sarah Long.
VOICE TWO:
And this is Bob Doughty¹ with Science in the News, a VOA Special English program about recent developments

in science. Today, we tell about a link between breast-feeding and intelligence. We tell about how Americans use
the Internet computer system. We tell about a new crew for the International Space Station. And we tell about a
competition to design a traveling medical center.

((THEME)
)
VOICE ONE:
A new study is adding more evidence to the connection between breast-feeding and intelligence. The study links

intelligence in adults to how long they were fed their mother’s milk as a baby.

It found that babies who were breast-fed for nine months grew up to be more
intelligent than those breast-fed for less than one month. Researchers at Copenhagen
University Hospital in Denmark carried out the study. The Journal of the American
Medical Association reported the findings.

Other studies have examined the link between mother’s milk and intelligence in
children. Organizers of the new study say theirs is the first to show a link between
breast-feeding and adult intelligence. The organizers say their study also examined
other considerations, such as a mother’s education and economic situation.

VOICE TWO:

The study involved more than three-thousand young Danish men and women. They were born in Copenhagen
between nineteen-fifty-nine and nineteen-sixty-one. When the children were one year old, the mothers were
asked how long they had breast-fed their babies.

In the nineteen-seventies and nineteen-eighties, researchers used two tests to measure the intelligence of those
children. One test was given to almost two-thousand-three-hundred men when they entered the Danish military.
Their average age was nineteen. A different test was given to about nine-hundred-seventy men and women. Their
average age was twenty-seven.

The Danish and American scientists found that babies who had been breast-fed for nine months did better on the
intelligence tests as adults. Breast-feeding longer than nine months had no additional effect on the test results.

VOICE ONE:

It is not clear why breast-fed babies may perform better in intelligence tests as adults. However, the scientists
note that mothers’
milk contains substances not found in cow’s milk or milk products for babies. For example,
breast milk contains two fatty acids that appear to support brain development. They are among hundreds of
nutrients² found in breast milk and not in other milk products.

The scientists say the physical and emotional relationship between a mother and child that develops during
breast-feeding also might be important. They say women who breast-feed their babies may spend more time with
them.


((MUSIC BRIDGE))

VOICE TWO:

Reports say more than ninety-million Americans use the Internet computer system at home. A new study shows
that Americans are using the Internet to make important decisions. They use it to make decisions about health
care, education, changing jobs, investments and major purchase. About forty-five percent of Internet users said
the Internet influenced a major event or decision in the past two years.

The Internet is the world’s biggest system linking computers. Almost anyone who has a computer can send and
receive electronic mail through the Internet. Internet users can get many kinds of information. And they can use
the system to purchase products or services.

VOICE ONE:

An American organization called the Pew Research Center organized the new study. Researchers spoke³ by
telephone with more than one-thousand-four-hundred American Internet users in January. The researchers asked
the Internet users if they had experienced fifteen major decisions or events in the past two years. Then the
researchers asked about their use of the Internet and its effect on their decisions.

Many of those questioned said Internet use was important in improving their education or work skills. The study
estimates that fourteen-million Americans used the Internet to get more education or training. It also estimates
that fourteen-million Americans examined information from the Internet before buying a car.

VOICE TWO:

An estimated eleven-million Americans used the Internet to help a family member deal with sickness. More than
four-million Americans used it to deal with their own struggle with a major disease. Eleven-million Americans
used the Internet to choose a school or college for themselves or for their child. The Internet was also important
in making decisions about a major investment, changing jobs or finding a new place to live.

((MUSIC BRIDGE))

VOICE ONE:

The American space agency NASA says the Space Shuttle Endeavour will carry the next crew to the
International Space Station. The Endeavour is expected to be launched this Thursday, May thirtieth, from the
Kennedy Space Center in the southern state of Florida.

Endeavour will be carrying the fifth crew to live and work on the International Space Station.
They are Russian Cosmonauts Valeri Korzun and Sergei Treschev, and American Astronaut
Peggy Whitson. The fourth crew will be returning to Earth from the space station on
Endeavour. They are cosmonaut Yury Onufrienko and Astronauts Carl Walz and Dan Bursch.
They have been in orbit for six months.

VOICE TWO:

The Endeavour will also carry more than two tons of supplies and experiments to the space station in a device
built in Italy. The Leonardo Multi Purpose Logistics Module⁴ is similar to a truck that carries supplies. It will be
linked to the space station. The Endeavour and the Space Station crews will unload the experiments and supplies
from Leonardo. They will then use Leonardo to take completed experiments and unneeded equipment back to
Earth.

The Space Shuttle Endeavour will also carry the equipment needed to complete the space station’s Canadian
Mobile Service System. The Mobile Service System uses a mechanical arm to move and lift objects. It will also
be used to link new parts of the space station when they arrive. The large mechanical arm moves to different parts
of the space station on a device similar to a railroad track.

((MUSIC BRIDGE))


VOICE ONE:

An American organization called Architecture for Humanity has announced an international competition to
design a traveling medical center. The organization says the medical center will be used to fight AIDS in Africa,
especially in areas far from cities. The vehicle will carry equipment to test and treat people with the disease.
Medical experts will also use the vehicle to provide information about AIDS and the H-I-V virus that causes it.

Cameron Sinclair launched Architecture for Humanity in nineteen-ninety-nine. The
organization supports using design to solve social and humanitarian⁵ problems around the
world. Mister Sinclair says the competition is not restricted to just building designers. Anyone
can enter a plan.

VOICE TWO:

He says the goal is to design a health center that medical experts could drive around Africa.
Builders should be able to make the vehicle with materials found in Africa. The medical center should also be
designed to help meet other health care needs of the population. For example, officials may also use the centers to
treat people with malaria⁶ and tuberculosis⁷.

Proposals must be received by Architecture for Humanity by November first. A team of health experts, building
designers and research officials will judge the proposals. They will announce the winning plan in New York City
on World AIDS Day December first. Then, an example of the vehicle will be developed before a final version is
built in Africa. In time, officials hope the traveling medical centers will be reproduced in other parts of the world.

There is no prize for winning this competition. Instead, Mister Sinclair says the winner will have the honor of
creating a modern medical center that could save millions of lives.

((THEME))

VOICE ONE:

This SCIENCE IN THE NEWS program was written by George Grow, Paul Thompson and Jill Moss⁸. It was
produced by George Grow. This is Sarah Long.

VOICE TWO:

And this is Bob Doughty. Join us again next week for more news about science in Special English on the Voice
of America.

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1 doughty   

adj.勇猛的，坚强的

参考例句：

• Most of successful men have the characteristics of contumacy and doughty.绝大多数成功人士都有共同的特质：脾气倔强，性格刚强。
• The doughty old man battled his illness with fierce determination.坚强的老人用巨大毅力与疾病作斗争。

2 nutrients   

n.（食品或化学品）营养物，营养品( nutrient的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• a lack of essential nutrients 基本营养的缺乏
• Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. 营养素被吸收进血液。 来自《简明英汉词典》

3 spoke   

n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说

参考例句：

• They sourced the spoke nuts from our company.他们的轮辐螺帽是从我们公司获得的。
• The spokes of a wheel are the bars that connect the outer ring to the centre.辐条是轮子上连接外圈与中心的条棒。

4 module   

n.组件，模块，模件；(航天器的)舱

参考例句：

• The centre module displays traffic guidance information.中央模块显示交通引导信息。
• Two large tanks in the service module held liquid oxygen.服务舱的两个大气瓶中装有液态氧。

5 humanitarian   

n.人道主义者，博爱者，基督凡人论者

参考例句：

• She has many humanitarian interests and contributes a lot to them.她拥有很多慈善事业，并作了很大的贡献。
• The British government has now suspended humanitarian aid to the area.英国政府现已暂停对这一地区的人道主义援助。

6 malaria   

n.疟疾

参考例句：

• He had frequent attacks of malaria.他常患疟疾。
• Malaria is a kind of serious malady.疟疾是一种严重的疾病。

7 tuberculosis   

n.结核病，肺结核

参考例句：

• People used to go to special health spring to recover from tuberculosis.人们常去温泉疗养胜地治疗肺结核。
• Tuberculosis is a curable disease.肺结核是一种可治愈的病。

8 moss   

n.苔，藓，地衣

参考例句：

• Moss grows on a rock.苔藓生在石头上。
• He was found asleep on a pillow of leaves and moss.有人看见他枕着树叶和苔藓睡着了。