SCIENCE IN THE NEWS - Space Shuttle Flights Halted / Researc

SCIENCE IN THE NEWS -July 2, 2002: Space Shuttle Flights Halted / Researchers Study Icelanders'
Genes¹ / Another Reason to Eat Green, Leafy Vegetables

Broadcast: July 2, 2002
VOICE ONE:
This is Steve Ember.
VOICE TWO:
And this is Bob Doughty² with Science in the News, a VOA Special English program about recent developments

in science. Today, we tell why researchers are studying the genes of people in Iceland. We tell why American
space officials have suspended the launch of the space shuttles. And we tell why you should eat green, leafy
vegetables.

((THEME))
VOICE ONE:

Genes are the parts of cells that control the growth and development of living things,
including people. Now, a company in Iceland is working to create the most detailed³
map yet of all known human genes. The company, Decode⁴ (Dee -code) Genetics, is
based in Reykjavik, Iceland. Kari Stefansson (COW-ree STEF-ahn-son) is head of
the company.

Doctor Stefansson believes that the people of Iceland present a special chance to
study the human genome and how some genes cause disease. Iceland has a very small population
–
about two-
hundred-eighty-thousand people. The majority of the population shares a small group of common ancestors who
lived thousands of years ago. The people of Iceland keep extensive records of their ancestors. In addition, Iceland
has an excellent health care system. Doctor Stefansson says his researchers are studying genetic⁵ diseases in many
families over hundreds of years.

VOICE TWO:

Decode paid Iceland about two-hundred-million dollars to do the study. So far, researchers have examined the
genes of at least one-hundred-forty-six families. The Iceland genome project is using a much larger group of
individuals to observe differences in human genes than any other project. For example, American scientists made
a genetic map based on only eight large families in France.

Decode plans to examine genetic information from a huge number of Icelanders. The New York Times
newspaper reports that Decode has collected blood from about sixty -five -thousand Icelanders. That is about one-
third the adult population of Iceland.

VOICE ONE:

Huntington Willard is a genetic scientist at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. He says that the
information provided by the Iceland genome project will help complete a map of the human genome. He says that
the genome published in Science magazine in February of last year by a group of researchers was not complete
and contained many mistakes.

Two years ago, scientist J. Craig Venter made the surprising announcement that his company, Celera Genomics,
(suh-LAIR-uh Jeh-NO-mix) had mapped the whole human genome. Mister Venter is no longer the head of
Celera. The company had hoped to gain legal rights to some parts of the human genome and to sell the use of that
information.


However, Doctor Willard says the new information shows how to correct problems with the current human
genome map. The Decode map’s success is partly based on its larger base of information.

VOICE TWO:

Human beings have almost exactly the same genes. Small genetic differences make us look different from each
other. These differences can also make us more likely to get some diseases.

Decode ’s main project is to identify genes that cause disease. Scientists believe most common diseases are
caused by several abnormal genes working together. The Icelandic company says it has mapped the general area
of genes for twenty common diseases. These include Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and
rheumatoid arthritis⁶. The company claims to have found three disease-causing genes already. They are linked to a
mental disease and two kinds of strokes.

Decode uses a process that can identify very small molecular⁷ differences. This permits scientists to find disease-
causing genes more easily. Decode’s more detailed method for studying genes also permits it to create a clearer
map of genes. This is why Decode has shown errors in earlier genome maps.

VOICE ONE:

Experts say the Icelandic study appears to be important for creating a truly useful genetic map. The United States
government ’s National Institutes of Health is also working on a map of the human genome. The N-I-H says that
a new, corrected map should be finished next year. It says the announcement should be in time for the fiftieth
anniversary of the discovery of the structure of human D-N-A. D-N-A is the nucleic acid found in genes.

Two scientists, James Watson and Francis Crick, were the first to describe the structure of D-N-A in nineteen-
fifty-three. They were awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine along with Maurice Wilkins in nineteen-sixty-two.
The three scientists discovered the structure of D-N-A. However, fifty years later, geneticists are still trying to
learn what that structure means.

((MUSIC BRIDGE))

VOICE TWO:

American space agency officials have temporarily suspended launch plans for the Space
Shuttle Columbia. Columbia was to have been launched July nineteenth.

NASA officials decided⁸ to delay the launch after several damaged areas were found in the
fuel lines on the main engines of the shuttles Atlantis and Discovery. These are two of the
four vehicles that take astronauts into space and to the International Space Station.

James Hartsfield is a spokesman for the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. He said
NASA’s main concern is the possibility that a piece of metal in the fuel line would
separate and move into the space shuttle ’s engine area. This would damage the engine

and cause it to shut down.

VOICE ONE:

Mister Hartsfield said NASA workers have never seen the damage before. He said the parts of the space shuttles
that are now damaged have been on the vehicles since they were built. He said the workers do not know if the
damage was caused by age or if other problems are involved. He said they consider the problem to be a major
safety concern.

Ron Dittemore is the Space Shuttle program manager. He says that NASA has more questions than answers
about the damage. He says NASA workers are investigating the situation. Workers will inspect the Space Shuttle
Columbia for similar damage. Columbia is the oldest of the four space shuttles. It is twenty-one years old.

NASA says it takes a week or more to remove a space shuttle’s engines and the same amount of time to replace
them. Officials say they do not yet know how long all United States shuttle flights will be suspended.

(Photo -NASA)

(Picture -Laretta Geren)
((MUSIC BRIDGE))

VOICE TWO:

Recent research has suggested that a nutrient⁹ called lutein (LOO-teen) may improve
health in more ways than had been thought. Lutein is found in green, leafy vegetables
like spinach¹⁰ and lettuce¹¹. It is also found in other fruits and vegetables such as oranges,
corn and broccoli¹². And it is found in the yellow part of eggs.

Lutein is also found in the human eye. Lutein and similar substances known as
carotenoids (ca-ROT-en -oids) make up the color in the macula, the area of the eye
responsible for seeing fine detail. Studies have suggested that greater amounts of
carotenoids increase the color of the macula. Scientists believe that more color protects
the macula from damage.

A study in the publication Optometry says that eating more foods with lutein may improve vision in people with
eye problems. Another study linked greater levels of carotenoids with reduced early signs of macular damage.
And two large studies have linked lutein to fewer problems with the eye condition called cataracts¹³.

VOICE ONE:

Now, research has begun to show that lutein can protect health in other ways. A report in the publication
Circulation says it may reduce the chance of heart attacks and strokes. People with higher blood levels of lutein
had less of a harmful substance inside their blood vessels¹⁴.Other studies have suggested that lutein may protect
against cancers of the breast and colon¹⁵.

Researchers in Boston, Massachusetts have shown that lutein in dark green, leafy vegetables can protect the skin
against damage from the sun. They experimented with mice that were fed foods containing lutein. Experts say
people should eat foods that contain lutein every day.

((THEME))

VOICE TWO:

This SCIENCE IN THE NEWS program was written by Mario Ritter, Paul Thompson and Nancy Steinbach. It
was produced by Nancy Steinbach. This is Bob Doughty.

VOICE ONE:

And this is Steve Ember. Join us again next week for more news about science in Special English on the Voice of
America.

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1 genes   

n.基因( gene的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• You have good genes from your parents, so you should live a long time. 你从父母那儿获得优良的基因，所以能够活得很长。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Differences will help to reveal the functions of the genes. 它们间的差异将会帮助我们揭开基因多种功能。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 生物技术的世纪

2 doughty   

adj.勇猛的，坚强的

参考例句：

• Most of successful men have the characteristics of contumacy and doughty.绝大多数成功人士都有共同的特质：脾气倔强，性格刚强。
• The doughty old man battled his illness with fierce determination.坚强的老人用巨大毅力与疾病作斗争。

3 detailed   

adj.详细的，详尽的，极注意细节的，完全的

参考例句：

• He had made a detailed study of the terrain.他对地形作了缜密的研究。
• A detailed list of our publications is available on request.我们的出版物有一份详细的目录备索。

4 decode   

vt.译（码），解（码）

参考例句：

• All he had to do was decode it and pass it over.他需要做的就是将它破译然后转给他人。
• The secret documents were intercepted and decoded.机密文件遭截获并被破译。

5 genetic   

adj.遗传的，遗传学的

参考例句：

• It's very difficult to treat genetic diseases.遗传性疾病治疗起来很困难。
• Each daughter cell can receive a full complement of the genetic information.每个子细胞可以收到遗传信息的一个完全补偿物。

6 arthritis   

n.关节炎

参考例句：

• Rheumatoid arthritis has also been linked with the virus.风湿性关节炎也与这种病毒有关。
• He spent three months in the hospital with acute rheumatic arthritis.他患急性风湿性关节炎，在医院住了三个月。

7 molecular   

adj.分子的；克分子的

参考例句：

• The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms.这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。
• For the pressure to become zero, molecular bombardment must cease.当压强趋近于零时，分子的碰撞就停止了。

8 decided   

adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的

参考例句：

• This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
• There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。

9 nutrient   

adj.营养的，滋养的；n.营养物，营养品

参考例句：

• Magnesium is the nutrient element in plant growth.镁是植物生长的营养要素。
• The roots transmit moisture and nutrient to the trunk and branches.根将水分和养料输送到干和枝。

10 spinach   

n.菠菜

参考例句：

• Eating spinach is supposed to make you strong.据说吃菠菜能使人强壮。
• You should eat such vegetables as carrot,celery and spinach.你应该吃胡萝卜、芹菜和菠菜这类的蔬菜。

11 lettuce   

n.莴苣；生菜

参考例句：

• Get some lettuce and tomatoes so I can make a salad.买些莴苣和西红柿，我好做色拉。
• The lettuce is crisp and cold.莴苣松脆爽口。

12 broccoli   

n.绿菜花，花椰菜

参考例句：

• She grew all the broccoli plants from seed.这些花椰菜都是她用种子培育出来的。
• They think broccoli is only green and cauliflower is only white.他们认为西兰花只有绿色的，而菜花都是白色的。

13 cataracts   

n.大瀑布( cataract的名词复数 )；白内障

参考例句：

• The rotor cataracts water over the top of the machines. 回转轮将水从机器顶上注入。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
• Cataracts of rain flooded the streets. 倾盆大雨弄得街道淹水。 来自辞典例句

14 vessels   

n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人

参考例句：

• The river is navigable by vessels of up to 90 tons. 90 吨以下的船只可以从这条河通过。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• All modern vessels of any size are fitted with radar installations. 所有现代化船只都有雷达装置。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

15 colon   

n.冒号，结肠，直肠

参考例句：

• Here,too,the colon must be followed by a dash.这里也是一样，应当在冒号后加破折号。
• The colon is the locus of a large concentration of bacteria.结肠是大浓度的细菌所在地。