VOA慢速英语20060321b

SCIENCE IN THE NEWS - Study Links Stress Early in Pregnancy¹ to a Greater Risk of Losing BabyBy

Broadcast: Tuesday, March 21, 2006

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VOICE ONE:

This is SCIENCE IN THE NEWS in VOA Special English. I'm Faith Lapidus.


A photo, from China's Xinhua news agency, of emperor penguins² in Antarctica in December 2005

VOICE TWO:

And I'm Bob Doughty³. This week: a report that Antarctica is losing ice at an increasing rate.

We also will tell about a bird with an excellent memory.

VOICE ONE:

But first, we tell about a study of special interest to women.

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Women who experience emotional tension in the first weeks of pregnancy may be at greater risk of suffering a failed pregnancy. A new study suggests a link between the tension, worry, and pressure a woman feels and her ability to carry an unborn child, or fetus⁴. The failure of a pregnancy and resulting death of the fetus is called a miscarriage⁵.

The results of the study were published in Proceedings⁶ of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

VOICE TWO:

Pablo Nepomnaschy works for the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in North Carolina. His research team studied sixty-one women for one year. All the women lived in Guatemala and were already caring for at least one baby.

The researchers tested the women for pregnancy and measured cortisol in their liquid wastes. Cortisol is a substance, or hormone⁷, produced by the body. Other studies have linked it to emotional tension, also known as stress.

Twenty-two of the sixty-one women became pregnant during the study. The researchers compared the pregnant women who had higher than normal cortisol levels to those who did not. They found that women with the higher levels during the first three weeks of pregnancy were nearly three times more likely to miscarry.

VOICE ONE:

The researchers say a woman's body may recognize increased cortisol levels as a sign that conditions are not right for pregnancy.

They also say other studies might have failed to find the link between stress and miscarriages⁸ because they involved women who had been pregnant for at least six weeks. Most miscarriages happen during the first three weeks of pregnancy.

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VOICE TWO:

An American study suggests that anger appears to increase your risk of suffering an injury. It found that angry adults are more likely than other men and women to suffer an injury requiring emergency medical care. Study organizers say the risk of serious injury also is higher for men than for women.

Dan Vinson of the University of Missouri at Columbia led the research team. They questioned more than two thousand people who had been treated in hospital emergency rooms. The patients were asked to describe their emotions twenty-four hours before the injury and then in the minutes just before their injury. The answers were compared with those provided by a group of uninjured adults.

VOICE ONE:

Some of the patients described themselves with words such as excited, angry and hostile. Patients who described themselves as feeling easily angered had a thirty percent increased risk of suffering a serious injury. Among men, the risk of injury increased one hundred percent if the man described himself as being hostile or angry at himself.

The study also suggested a link between anger and sports injuries and attacks.

VOICE TWO:

Professor Vinson and his team also examined suspected links between anger and traffic injuries. But they were unable to find such a link. Professor Vinson noted⁹ that some people get angry when they drive. Yet their actions generally do not cause traffic accidents. An earlier study in Finland reached the same finding.

Professor Vinson estimates that at least ten percent of emergency room visits could be avoided if people did not take action when they are angry. He urged doctors to begin recognizing when their patients have injured themselves because of anger. He said doctors also may need to suggest anger control programs in addition to medical treatment.

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VOICE ONE:

Two weeks ago on this program we talked about the melting of ice from glaciers¹⁰ in Greenland. Now comes news that Antarctica is also losing ice at an increasing rate. Science magazine published a new report. It says the Antarctic ice sheet is losing as much as one hundred fifty-two cubic kilometers of ice every year.

Scientific researchers from the University of Colorado in Boulder¹¹ carried out the study. They used information from a project called the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, or GRACE. Germany and the United States launched two GRACE satellites in two thousand two. The satellites measure changes in Earth's gravitational pull. Changes in the power of that pull provide clues about the mass of different areas on the planet.

VOICE TWO:

The GRACE satellites travel around the Earth sixteen times each day. One follows the other always at a distance of two hundred twenty kilometers.

When the gravity field changes, so does the distance between the two satellites. Equipment on the satellites can record a change in distance of as small as one micron.

John Warh is a physics professor at the University of Colorado and a leader of the study. He says the strength of the GRACE satellite equipment is that it let scientists measure all of Antarctica at once.

VOICE ONE:

Antarctica contains almost seventy percent of the world's fresh water. The continent is almost all ice. In some areas that ice is close to two thousand meters thick.

The last major study of the Antarctic ice sheet was completed in two thousand one. Government scientists from several countries were involved. Those scientists had expected a different future for the world's fifth largest continent.

They said that Antarctica would gain ice mass in the future. They believed that a warming of Earth's climate would lead to more rain and snow. The scientists said more rain and snow would lead to increased ice. But, the new report shows that is not happening. Or at least not yet.

VOICE TWO:

Some scientists argue that the new study is too early in the life of GRACE. They say three years of measurement of the ice mass is not long enough.

Isabella Velicogna was the lead writer of the report. She is a researcher at the University of Colorado and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. Mizz Velicogna says this is the first study to report a decrease in a total mass balance of Antarctica. She agrees that more information from GRACE would provide a clearer picture of the continent's future. But she also says she does not think the ice loss she discovered is going to stop right away.

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VOICE ONE:

If you think the elephant is the only animal that never forgets, you are wrong. That is the judgment¹² of scientific researchers who studied a very small North American bird. The researchers reported that hummingbirds¹⁴ can remember visits to at least eight different areas over several days. The results of their study were published in Current Biology.




Many scientists think that only people had comparable abilities. Earlier studies showed that some animals could remember an object or event. Those animals could remember where they saw the object or event. But it is not clear if they knew when they saw it.

VOICE TWO:

Timing¹⁵ is very important to a hummingbird¹³. These birds collect a sweet substance called nectar from flowers. If a hummingbird returns too soon to a flower, it will not get more nectar. Or, if the bird waits too long for a first visit, another hummingbird may get there first.

In the new study, Jonathan Henderson and Susan Healy of the University of Edinburgh led an international research team. Its members tested three wild, male rufous hummingbirds in the Rocky Mountains of Canada.

VOICE ONE:

The hummingbirds recognized eight different objects that looked like flowers. The objects were put in the place where their usual feeders were kept. The researchers refilled four of the objects. They said it took one to two hours to train the birds to feed from them.

Every ten minutes, the researchers put a sweet substance in the four objects. The researchers filled the four other objects every twenty minutes.

The hummingbirds demonstrated that they could remember the placement of these man-made flowers. They also could remember when they had last visited them. The hummingbirds returned to the flowers that were refilled more often than the others.

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VOICE TWO:

SCIENCE IN THE NEWS was written by Brianna Blake, George Grow, Jerilyn Watson and Caty Weaver¹⁶. Cynthia Kirk was our producer. I'm Bob Doughty.

VOICE ONE:

And I'm Faith Lapidus. Join us again next week for more news about science in Special English on the Voice of America.

1 pregnancy   

n.怀孕，怀孕期

参考例句：

• Early pregnancy is often accompanied by nausea.怀孕早期常有恶心的现象。
• Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of miscarriage.怀孕期吸烟会增加流产的危险。

2 penguins   

n.企鹅( penguin的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Why can penguins live in cold environment? 为什么企鹅能生活在寒冷的环境中？ 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Whales, seals, penguins, and turtles have flippers. 鲸、海豹，企鹅和海龟均有鳍形肢。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》

3 doughty   

adj.勇猛的，坚强的

参考例句：

• Most of successful men have the characteristics of contumacy and doughty.绝大多数成功人士都有共同的特质：脾气倔强，性格刚强。
• The doughty old man battled his illness with fierce determination.坚强的老人用巨大毅力与疾病作斗争。

4 fetus   

n.胎，胎儿

参考例句：

• In the fetus,blood cells are formed in different sites at different ages.胎儿的血细胞在不同时期生成在不同的部位。
• No one knows why a fetus is not automatically rejected by the mother's immune system. 没有人知道为什么母亲的免疫系统不会自动排斥胎儿。

5 miscarriage   

n.失败，未达到预期的结果；流产

参考例句：

• The miscarriage of our plans was a great blow.计划的失败给我们以巨大的打击。
• Women who smoke are more to have a miscarriage.女性吸烟者更容易流产。

6 proceedings   

n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报

参考例句：

• He was released on bail pending committal proceedings. 他交保获释正在候审。
• to initiate legal proceedings against sb 对某人提起诉讼

7 hormone   

n.荷尔蒙，激素，内分泌

参考例句：

• Hormone implants are used as growth boosters.激素植入物被用作生长辅助剂。
• This hormone interacts closely with other hormones in the body.这种荷尔蒙与体內其他荷尔蒙紧密地相互作用。

8 miscarriages   

流产( miscarriage的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Miscarriages are usually caused by abnormal chromosome patterns in the fetus. 流产通常是因为胎儿的染色体异常造成的。
• Criminals go unpunishedareconvicted and are miscarriages of justice. 罪犯会逍遥法外，法律会伤及无辜，审判不公时有发生。

9 noted   

adj.著名的，知名的

参考例句：

• The local hotel is noted for its good table.当地的那家酒店以餐食精美而著称。
• Jim is noted for arriving late for work.吉姆上班迟到出了名。

10 glaciers   

冰河，冰川( glacier的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Glaciers gouged out valleys from the hills. 冰川把丘陵地带冲出一条条山谷。
• It has ice and snow glaciers, rainforests and beautiful mountains. 既有冰川，又有雨林和秀丽的山峰。 来自英语晨读30分（高一）

11 boulder   

n.巨砾；卵石，圆石

参考例句：

• We all heaved together and removed the boulder.大家一齐用劲，把大石头搬开了。
• He stepped clear of the boulder.他从大石头后面走了出来。

12 judgment   

n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见

参考例句：

• The chairman flatters himself on his judgment of people.主席自认为他审视人比别人高明。
• He's a man of excellent judgment.他眼力过人。

13 hummingbird   

n.蜂鸟

参考例句：

• The hummingbird perches on a twig of the hawthorn.小蜂鸟栖在山楂树枝上。
• The hummingbird is the only bird that can fly backward.蜂鸟是唯一能倒退向后飞的鸟。

14 hummingbirds   

n.蜂鸟( hummingbird的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Hummingbirds have discovered that nectar and pollen are very nutritious. 蜂鸟发现花蜜和花粉是很有营养的。
• Why do hummingbirds and gorillas both have backbones? 为什么蜂鸟和大猩猩都有脊骨？

15 timing   

n.时间安排，时间选择

参考例句：

• The timing of the meeting is not convenient.会议的时间安排不合适。
• The timing of our statement is very opportune.我们发表声明选择的时机很恰当。

16 weaver   

n.织布工；编织者

参考例句：

• She was a fast weaver and the cloth was very good.她织布织得很快，而且布的质量很好。
• The eager weaver did not notice my confusion.热心的纺织工人没有注意到我的狼狈相。