VOA慢速英语2015 黑死病比我们想象的要更早

Black Death Older Than We Thought 黑死病比我们想象的要更早

From VOA Learning English, this is the Health & Lifestyle report.

这里是美国之音慢速英语健康和生活方式报道。

For most, the word "plague" creates horrible images in the mind of people dropping dead in European villages during the 1300s.

鼠疫这个词在多数人的脑海中留下了14世纪在欧洲传播死亡的恐怖景象。

But the plague has been around for much longer than that. And the scary part is – it is still here.

但是鼠疫存在的时间远久于此。而可怕的是，它仍然存在于此。

As we often say, those who don't learn from the past are sure to repeat it.

正如我们经常说的，不从过去吸取经验必定会重蹈覆辙。

So, let's talk about the past.

所以，让我们谈谈过去。

There are three forms of plague and they are all caused by the same bacteria. Bubonic plague develops in the lymph nodes. Pneumonic¹ plague develops in the lungs. The third type, septicemic plague, is the rarest.

鼠疫有三种形式，它们都是由同一种细菌造成的。腺鼠疫形成于淋巴结，肺鼠疫形成于肺部。第三种的败血型鼠疫最为稀少。

These diseases caused the Black Death. The Black Death killed at least a third of the European population in the mid-1300s.

这些疾病引发了黑死病。黑死病造成14世纪中期欧洲三分之一的人口遇难。

However, that was not the first time the plague killed.

然而，这不是第一次鼠疫逞凶。

Danish researchers discovered new evidence that the bacterium² responsible for the plague infected people thousands of years earlier.

丹麦研究人员发现的新证据表明，造成鼠疫的细菌在几千年前就感染了人类。

And they discovered it by accident.

他们偶然发现了这种细菌。

They were investigating remains³ of Bronze Age human beings when they found something unexpected.

他们当时正在调查青铜器时代人类的遗骨，结果发现了一些意想不到的东西。

Within the fossilized teeth, the researchers found the bacterium that causes Bubonic Plague. It proves the plague was around 4,800 years ago.

在牙齿化石中，研究人员发现了引发腺鼠疫的细菌。这证明鼠疫在4800年左右就已经存在。

However, the bacterium that caused the Black Death was not nearly as aggressive during the Bronze Age. That is the opinion of Simon Rasmussen of Technical University in Denmark.

然而，引发黑死病的细菌在青铜器时代并不活跃。这是丹麦技术大学的西蒙·拉斯穆森（Simon Rasmussen）的看法。

He helped examine more than 100 fossilized teeth. Only seven teeth had evidence of the plague bacterium Y. pestis. These teeth came from remains dating between 2,900 and 4,800 years ago. This suggests that back then, the bacterium did not spread as easily as it did later.

他帮助检查了超过100颗牙齿化石。只有7颗牙齿存在鼠疫耶尔森氏菌。这些牙齿来自于2900年前到4800年前之间的遗骨。这表明当时细菌并不像后来传播得那么快。

Infected fleas⁵ now pass the disease to humans. But genetic⁷ evidence proves that the plague did not stowaway⁸, or catch a ride, on the insects during the Bronze Age.

现在被感染的跳蚤会把这种疾病传播给人类。但是基因证据表明在青铜器时代，鼠疫并未借助昆虫传播。

Mr. Rasmussen explains.

拉斯穆森先生解释说。

"The plague in the Bronze Age is missing the gene⁶ that makes it able to survive inside the flea⁴. So, what we think is the plague could not actually be transmitted by fleas back then."

“青铜器时代的鼠疫缺乏能够感染跳蚤的基因。因此，我们认为鼠疫当时不能借助跳蚤传播。”

The findings from the study were reported in the journal Cell.

这项研究结果发表在《细胞》杂志上。

How disease affects civilizations

疾病如何影响文明

In another research paper, the same researchers demonstrated a link between this genetic evidence and the history of some world civilizations.

在另一篇研究论文中，同样是这些研究人员展示了这种遗传证据和一些世界文明史之间的联系。

Their paper caused quite a stir, meaning it fueled some interesting discussions. The paper suggests that the plague may have been partly to blame for widespread disease in ancient civilizations. The researchers said the disease could have led to the collapse⁹ of Classical Greece and weakened the ancient Roman army.

他们的论文引起了不小的轰动，这意味着它引发了一些有趣的讨论。文章认为，鼠疫可能一定程度上要对古代文明的疾病广泛流行负责。研究人员说，这种疾病可能导致了古希腊的崩溃，并削弱了罗马军队。

The researcher Simon Rasmussen says disease may also have led to a number of ancient mass migrations¹⁰, or people moving from one place to another. Of course, people would want to flee from disease. Again, here is Mr. Rasumssen.

研究人员拉斯姆森表示，疾病可能还导致了一些古代的大规模移民。当然，人们想要逃离疾病。以下又是拉斯姆森先生的发言。

"Still today and also in the Middle Ages, if there were some kind of disease outbreak, then often people would try to flee from it."

他说，“直到中世纪乃至如今，如果有某种疾病流行，人们往往还是会尝试从中逃离。”

But he says the migrants brought the disease with them when they settled new areas.

但他表示，这些移民在定居到新地区时携带着这种疾病。

Plague still among us

鼠疫仍然存在

If you think that cases of the plague are only part of the history of world health – think again. They are rare, but outbreaks do happen.

如果你认为鼠疫案例只是世界卫生历史的一部分，那再好好想想。它们很罕见，但是不时爆发。

The plague struck in India in 1994. At the time, Indian health officials reported nearly 700 cases to the World Health Organization.

1994年鼠疫袭击了印度。当时，印度卫生官员向世界卫生组织报告了近700起病例。

There were several small outbreaks in 2014.

2014年鼠疫还有几次小规模爆发。

Four people in the United States were identified with pneumonic plague. Pneumonic plague is the only form of the disease that can be passed from person-to-person.

美国有四人被确诊为肺鼠疫。肺鼠疫是唯一一种能在人与人之间传播的鼠疫。

Also in 2014, a Chinese man died from the plague after chopping up a dead animal and feeding it to his dogs. No one else died, but Chinese health official quarantined the town where he lived until they were sure no one else had caught the plague.

同样是在2014年，一名中国男子在切碎一种死亡动物喂他的狗之后死于鼠疫。没有其他人死亡，但是中国卫生官员隔离了他所生活的小镇，直到确认没有他人感染鼠疫。

The WHO website says there is a current outbreak of plague in Madagascar. The height of this outbreak was in November 2014. At that time, health officials there reported over 300 cases and almost 80 deaths.

世界卫生组织官网表示，马达加斯加最近爆发了一次鼠疫疫情。这次爆发的高峰是在2014年11月。当时，当地卫生官员报告了300多起病例，其中近80人死亡。

If antibiotic¹¹ treatment is given during the early stages of the disease, Mr. Rasmussen says, the plague is almost completely curable.

拉斯穆森先生说，如果在这种疾病的早期阶段进行抗生素治疗，鼠疫几乎是完全可以治愈的。

Words in This Story

fossil – n. preserved from a past geologic¹² age : fossilize – v. to become changed into a fossil

transmit – v. to cause to be given to others, such as a virus or disease

gene – n. biology : a part of a cell that controls or influences the appearance, growth, etc., of a living thing (genomic, genetic

stowaway – n. someone who hides on a ship, airplane, etc., in order to travel without paying or being seen

outbreak – n. a sudden start or increase of fighting or disease

flee – v. to run away from danger : to run away from (a place)

migrant – n. a person who goes from one place to another especially

rare – adj. seldom occurring or found : uncommon¹³

quarantine – v./n. the period of time during which a person or animal that has a disease or that might have a disease is kept away from others to prevent the disease from spreading

1 pneumonic   

adj.肺的；肺炎的

参考例句：

• The chill superinduced a pneumonic condition. 受寒并发了肺炎。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
• The fatality rate of pneumonic plague a staggering 95 percent. 肺鼠疫的死亡率是达到惊人95％。 来自互联网

2 bacterium   

n.(pl.)bacteria 细菌

参考例句：

• The bacterium possibly goes in the human body by the mouth.细菌可能通过口进入人体。
• A bacterium is identified as the cause for his duodenal ulcer.一种细菌被断定为造成他十二指肠溃疡的根源。

3 remains   

n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹

参考例句：

• He ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。
• The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.残羹剩饭喂狗了。

4 flea   

n.跳蚤

参考例句：

• I'll put a flea in his ear if he bothers me once more.如果他再来打扰的话，我就要对他不客气了。
• Hunter has an interest in prowling around a flea market.亨特对逛跳蚤市场很感兴趣。

5 fleas   

n.跳蚤( flea的名词复数 )；爱财如命；没好气地（拒绝某人的要求）

参考例句：

• The dog has fleas. 这条狗有跳蚤。
• Nothing must be done hastily but killing of fleas. 除非要捉跳蚤，做事不可匆忙。 来自《简明英汉词典》

6 gene   

n.遗传因子，基因

参考例句：

• A single gene may have many effects.单一基因可能具有很多种效应。
• The targeting of gene therapy has been paid close attention.其中基因治疗的靶向性是值得密切关注的问题之一。

7 genetic   

adj.遗传的，遗传学的

参考例句：

• It's very difficult to treat genetic diseases.遗传性疾病治疗起来很困难。
• Each daughter cell can receive a full complement of the genetic information.每个子细胞可以收到遗传信息的一个完全补偿物。

8 stowaway   

n.（藏于轮船，飞机中的）偷乘者

参考例句：

• The stowaway masqueraded as a crew member.偷渡者假扮成乘务员。
• The crew discovered the stowaway about two days into their voyage.船员在开船约两天后发现了那名偷乘者。

9 collapse   

vi.累倒；昏倒；倒塌；塌陷

参考例句：

• The country's economy is on the verge of collapse.国家的经济已到了崩溃的边缘。
• The engineer made a complete diagnosis of the bridge's collapse.工程师对桥的倒塌做了一次彻底的调查分析。

10 migrations   

n.迁移，移居( migration的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• It foundered during the turmoils accompanying the Great Migrations. 它在随着民族大迁徙而出现的混乱中崩溃。 来自辞典例句
• Birds also have built-in timepieces which send them off on fall and spring migrations. 鸟类也有天生的时间感应器指导它们秋春迁移。 来自互联网

11 antibiotic   

adj.抗菌的；n.抗生素

参考例句：

• The doctor said that I should take some antibiotic.医生说我应该服些用抗生素。
• Antibiotic can be used against infection.抗菌素可以用来防止感染。

12 geologic   

adj.地质的

参考例句：

• The Red Sea is a geologic continuation of the valley.红海就是一个峡谷在地质上的继续发展。
• Delineation of channels is the first step of geologic evaluation.勾划河道的轮廓是地质解译的第一步。

13 uncommon   

adj.罕见的，非凡的，不平常的

参考例句：

• Such attitudes were not at all uncommon thirty years ago.这些看法在30年前很常见。
• Phil has uncommon intelligence.菲尔智力超群。