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(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
Everyday Grammar: Mastering Reported Speech
We often need to tell others what someone else said. There are two ways to do this. One is to saythe same words and use quotation marks. That is "direct speech." The other method is tosummarize, or tell about what someone said. This is called "reported speech." Before we get intothe rules for reporting speech, here are the terms we are using to explain it.
Rules for reporting speech To get this kind of sentence right, there are four things you should keep in mind:
The first rule is to choose a reporting verb and tense. When did the speech happen? With current, repeated or recent events, the reporting verb is in thepresent tense. "He says he is hungry, so let's go to lunch." A habitual or repeated statement is in the present tense: "Everyone says the water is safe to drink." For reporting less immediate speech,choose the past tense. The reporting verb is often said, but it can also be told, or other verbs likeordered, stated, or reported, depending on the situation. When reporting questions, you can useverbs like asked or requested.
The second rule is to change the perspective, or point of view. That means I becomes he, she, or they. "Mary said 'I ate the pie."' becomes "The boys said, 'We are coming tomorrow'" becomes
Next, choose whether to include "that or "if."
You can say, "He says he is at home" or "He says that he is at home." That is a conjunction here,linking the two parts of the sentence. It is optional. Another conjunction, if, is required whenreporting on a question: "He asked me if I knew how to play tennis."
The fourth rule is to "backshift" the tense.
This is the trickiest part of reported speech. When the reporting verb is in the past tense, the verbin the reported clause is in the past tense, too. The verb aspect, showing whether the action iscompleted, matches. Here are some examples: "I am buying my ticket." (present continuous) Ashley: "I have fixed my bicycle." (present perfect) Reporting speech in English would be easy if these rules were all learners needed to know. But asusual, there is more to learn. Let's look at what happens with questions and modals.
Reporting on questions When we report questions, we have to pay attention to the auxiliary verb. These are words likedo, be, and have. Yes or no questions begin with an auxiliary, such as "Do you like pizza?" To report that question, drop the auxiliary and add if: He asked me if I liked pizza. Learners often make the mistake of leaving the auxiliary verb in the reported speech: He asked medo I like pizza. Information questions start with a question word: "Where are you going?" To report on these, simply change the pronoun and word order. She asked me where I was going. Here, learners often make the mistake of keeping the same word order: She asked me where was Igoing. A similar word order switch appears with the verb "be" in questions. They asked, "When is the party?" The question word "when" remains. "Be" moves from a position before the noun to after the noun.
Reporting speech with modals
Finally, pay attention to whether the speech you are reporting uses a modal verb. Will, can, andshall change to would, could, and should when reported. Will is used to make statements aboutthe future in English. When reporting this kind of statement, will becomes would. Compare thesesentences: Kelly said, "I will pick up the sandwiches." Modal verbs may appear in questions, as well: Caty asked, "Can you answer the phone while I'm out?" If the modal verb is already in its past form, it does not change when reported. George stated, "I would not do that."
Test your knowledge
Let's try a few sentences. I'll say the direct speech, and you make a sentence in reported speech. Our boss said, "You can all go home early today." Anna asked "When is your birthday?" Adam said, "I am leaving on Tuesday." Chris said, "I will bring the cake."
Reported speech in song
Reported speech sometimes shows up in popular songs. The singer Lisa Loeb begins the song"Stay" with a reported verb in the present tense to show that the action is a habit. you say I only hear what I want to
Later she reports something in the past, so the reported speech verb is in the past tense. you said that I was naive, Follow these simple rules and you will be reporting speech like a pro.
Reference
Words in This Storyreport – v. to tell people about (something)
aspect – grammar : the characteristic of a verb that expresses the way an action happens
auxiliary verb – n. a verb (such as have, be, may, do, shall, will, can, or must) that is used withanother verb to show the verb's tense, to form a question, etc.
modal verb – n. a verb (such as can, could, shall, should, ought to, will, or would) that is usuallyused with another verb to express ideas such as possibility, necessity, and permission |
1 conjunction | |
n.联合,连接,接合;连接词 | |
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