VOA慢速英语2018 嘴馋其实是大脑在"作祟"

Food Cravings: They're All in Your Brain.

From VOA Learning English, this is the Health & Lifestyle report.

这里是VOA慢速英语健康生活报道。

We have all been there. It's 3 o'clock and you've been hard at work. As you sit at your desk, a strong desire for chocolate overcomes you. You try to busy yourself to make it go away. But it doesn't. In fact, the more you try to NOT think about a square of deep, dark chocolate melting in your mouth, the more you want it. You can even smell it!

我们都遇到过这种情况。已经3点钟了，你一直在努力工作。坐在办公桌前的你突然产生强烈的欲望：想吃巧克力。你试着让自己忙碌起来忘掉这件事。但是丝毫没用。其实，你越逃避黑巧克力在舌尖融化的幻想，你就越想吃一块。你甚至能够闻到气味!

Here is another scenario². Perhaps you are not feeling well. You’re coming down with a cold and feel rundown. The only thing you want to eat is a big, bowl of chicken soup, like your mom used to make when you were sick as a child.

再以其他的场景为例。你可能感觉不舒服。你感冒了，浑身疲惫。只想喝一碗热乎的鸡汤，就像小时候生病时妈妈做的鸡汤。

A food craving¹ is a strong desire for a specific type of food. And they are normal. Most people have them even though what we crave³ might be different. One person might crave sweet chocolate, while another might crave salty potato chips.

嘴馋是对某种特定食物的强烈欲望。这种欲望很正常。大多数人都会产生这种欲望，只是渴望的食物不同。有人可能想吃甜巧克力，有人可能想吃咸薯片。

Sometimes the foods we crave are not super healthy ones but rather fatty or sugary foods. Or sometimes we crave foods from our childhoods, like American meatloaf, Polish pirogues or Vietnamese pho. Other times the cravings may be for something healthy but very specific, such as Japanese sushi or Korean kimchi.

有时，我们嘴馋的食物并不健康，而是高脂或含糖类食品。抑或有时，我们也会怀念童年吃过的食物，如美国烘肉卷、波兰pirogue或越南米粉。甚至有时想吃一些健康又极具特色的饮食如日本寿司或韩国泡菜。

But where do food cravings come from? And how are they different from hunger?

但是，人们为什么会嘴馋？嘴馋和饥饿的区别是什么？

Scientists at the website How Stuff Works compare hunger and cravings this way. Hunger is a fairly simply connection between the stomach and the brain. They even call it simply "stomach hunger."

科学家在《原来如此》（How Stuff Works）网站将饥饿和嘴馋进行了比较。饥饿是胃和大脑之间一种简单的联系。可暂且将其称为“肚子饿”。

The website explains that when our stomachs burn up all of the food we have eaten, a hormone⁴ (gherlin) sends a message to the one part of the brain, the hypothalamus, for more food. The hypothalamus regulates our most basic body functions such as thirst, hunger and sleep. The brain then releases a chemical to start the appetite. And you eat.

该网站解释称，当胃消化完所有的食物时，一种胃肠道激素（gherlin）会向大脑的下丘脑传递信息来获取更多食物。下丘脑调节人体最基本的身体机能，如口渴、饥饿和睡眠。然后大脑会释放一种化学物质来唤醒食欲。之后你就想吃东西了。

A craving is more complicated. It involves several areas of the brain. These areas make up the reward center of the brain. A craving can also be tied to our mental state and memory. So, some scientists call food cravings "mind hunger."

嘴馋更加复杂。这涉及大脑的数个区域。这些区域构成了大脑的奖赏中枢。嘴馋还与人们的精神状态和记忆有关。因此，有科学家将嘴馋称为“精神饥饿”。

Scientists add that while hunger is a function of survival, cravings are not. People often crave foods that are high in fat and sugar and not foods that can keep us alive. Foods that are high in fat or high in sugar release chemicals in the brain. These chemicals give us feelings of pleasure and even mild (and temporary) euphoria -- much like a drug.

科学家还指出，饥饿是一种生存功能，而嘴馋则不然。例如，人们经常想吃的高脂、高糖类食物并不是我们赖以生存的食物。高脂或高糖类食物会在大脑中释放化学物质。这些化学物质给人体带来愉悦感，甚至是些许（短暂）快感——像吸毒一样。

Back in 2004, researchers at the Monell Chemical Senses Center and the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine studied food craving and the brain. They used functional⁵ magnetic resonance⁶ imaging or, fMRI, to show that food cravings activate⁷ brain areas related to emotion, memory and reward. These are the same areas of the brain activated⁸ during drug-craving studies.

早在2004年，莫奈尔化学感官中心和宾夕法尼亚大学医学院的研究人员就对嘴馋和大脑的关系进行了研究。他们通过功能性磁共振成像技术（fMRI）发现，嘴馋可以激活与情绪、记忆和奖赏有关的大脑区域。这些大脑区域与药物渴求研究中显示的区域一样。

The lead author of this study was Marcia Levin Pelchat, a sensory⁹ psychologist. She says that the finding of the study is "consistent with the idea that cravings of all kinds, whether for food, drugs, or designer shoes, have common mechanisms¹⁰."

该研究的首席作者是感知心理学家马西娅·列文·佩尔莎。她表示，这项研究的发现与“多种多样的渴求，无论是对食物、药物还是名牌鞋，都拥有共同机制”的观点是一致的。

They work the same way in the brain. Food cravings, drug addiction¹², and addictive¹³ behaviors such as gambling¹⁴ and over-shopping follow similar neural¹⁵ pathways.

他们在大脑中的工作机制也是一样的。嘴馋、毒瘾和成瘾性行为，如赌博和过度购物，都遵循相似的神经路径。

Studies show that our mental state affects our food cravings but not really our hunger levels. Also, our food memories affect what we crave and when. For example, if a child is given sweets when he or she feels sad or upset, that may lead to food cravings for sweets later in life. The reward system in the brain may lead us to seek out familiar pleasures.

研究表明，人的精神状态会影响其对食物的渴求，但不会影响饥饿程度。我们对食物的记忆也会影响嘴馋的对象与时间。例如，如果孩子在悲伤或沮丧时得到糖果，以后可能会对甜食产生渴求。大脑中的奖赏机制会引导人们寻找似曾相识的愉悦感。

In a 2007 study, researchers at Cambridge University found that “dieting or restricted eating generally increase the likelihood of food craving.” So, the more you deny yourself a food that you want, they more you may crave it. However, fasting is a bit different. They found that eating no food at all for a short period of time, lessened¹⁶ food cravings.

剑桥大学研究人员在2007年的一项研究中发现，“节食或限制饮食通常会增加嘴馋的可能性。”因此，你越是抗拒想要的食物，就会越想吃。不过，禁食就另当别论了。研究人员发现，短期内不吃任何食物，那么对食物的渴求会下降。

So, the next time you crave food from your childhood or have a hankering for something very specific, know that your brain may be more to blame than your stomach.

所以，下次当你怀念童年时的美味或渴望某种特定食物时，你要知道，真正“作祟”的不是胃而是大脑。

Words in This Story

hypothalamus – n. a part of the brain that lies beneath the thalamus, produces hormones¹⁷ which pass to the front part of the pituitary gland¹⁸, and is important in regulating the activities of the autonomic nervous system

appetite – n. a physical desire for food

reward – n. a stimulus¹⁹ (such as food) that is administered to an organism and serves to reinforce a desired response

euphoria – n. a feeling of well-being²⁰ or elation²¹

activate – v. chemistry : to cause (a chemical reaction or natural process) to begin

scenario – n. a description of what could possibly happen

come down (with something) – phrasal verb to catch or show signs of an illness

run-down – adj. not used before a noun : in poor health or physical condition : worn-out or exhausted²²

crave – v. to have a very strong desire for something : craving – n.

consistent – adj. continuing to happen or develop in the same way

mechanism¹¹ – n. a process or system that is used to produce a particular result

neural – adj. of, relating to, or involving a nerve or the nervous system

diet – v. to eat less food or to eat only particular kinds of food in order to lose weight

fast – v. to eat no food for a period of time

hankering – n. informal + old-fashioned : to have a strong or constant desire for something

1 craving   

n.渴望,热望

参考例句：

• a craving for chocolate 非常想吃巧克力
• She skipped normal meals to satisfy her craving for chocolate and crisps. 她不吃正餐，以便满足自己吃巧克力和炸薯片的渴望。

2 scenario   

n.剧本，脚本；概要

参考例句：

• But the birth scenario is not completely accurate.然而分娩脚本并非完全准确的。
• This is a totally different scenario.这是完全不同的剧本。

3 crave   

vt.渴望得到，迫切需要，恳求，请求

参考例句：

• Many young children crave attention.许多小孩子渴望得到关心。
• You may be craving for some fresh air.你可能很想呼吸呼吸新鲜空气。

4 hormone   

n.荷尔蒙，激素，内分泌

参考例句：

• Hormone implants are used as growth boosters.激素植入物被用作生长辅助剂。
• This hormone interacts closely with other hormones in the body.这种荷尔蒙与体內其他荷尔蒙紧密地相互作用。

5 functional   

adj.为实用而设计的，具备功能的，起作用的

参考例句：

• The telephone was out of order,but is functional now.电话刚才坏了，但现在可以用了。
• The furniture is not fancy,just functional.这些家具不是摆着好看的，只是为了实用。

6 resonance   

n.洪亮；共鸣；共振

参考例句：

• Playing the piano sets up resonance in those glass ornaments.一弹钢琴那些玻璃饰物就会产生共振。
• The areas under the two resonance envelopes are unequal.两个共振峰下面的面积是不相等的。

7 activate   

vt.使活动起来，使开始起作用

参考例句：

• We must activate the youth to study.我们要激励青年去学习。
• These push buttons can activate the elevator.这些按钮能启动电梯。

8 activated   

adj. 激活的 动词activate的过去式和过去分词

参考例句：

• The canister is filled with activated charcoal.蒸气回收罐中充满了活性炭。

9 sensory   

adj.知觉的，感觉的，知觉器官的

参考例句：

• Human powers of sensory discrimination are limited.人类感官分辨能力有限。
• The sensory system may undergo long-term adaptation in alien environments.感觉系统对陌生的环境可能经过长时期才能适应。

10 mechanisms   

n.机械( mechanism的名词复数 )；机械装置；[生物学] 机制；机械作用

参考例句：

• The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms. 这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• He explained how the two mechanisms worked. 他解释这两台机械装置是如何工作的。 来自《简明英汉词典》

11 mechanism   

n.机械装置；机构，结构

参考例句：

• The bones and muscles are parts of the mechanism of the body.骨骼和肌肉是人体的组成部件。
• The mechanism of the machine is very complicated.这台机器的结构是非常复杂的。

12 addiction   

n.上瘾入迷，嗜好

参考例句：

• He stole money from his parents to feed his addiction.他从父母那儿偷钱以满足自己的嗜好。
• Areas of drug dealing are hellholes of addiction,poverty and murder.贩卖毒品的地区往往是吸毒上瘾、贫困和发生谋杀的地方。

13 addictive   

adj.(吸毒等)使成瘾的，成为习惯的

参考例句：

• The problem with video game is that they're addictive.电子游戏机的问题在于它们会使人上瘾。
• Cigarettes are highly addictive.香烟很容易使人上瘾。

14 gambling   

n.赌博；投机

参考例句：

• They have won a lot of money through gambling.他们赌博赢了很多钱。
• The men have been gambling away all night.那些人赌了整整一夜。

15 neural   

adj.神经的，神经系统的

参考例句：

• The neural network can preferably solve the non- linear problem.利用神经网络建模可以较好地解决非线性问题。
• The information transmission in neural system depends on neurotransmitters.信息传递的神经途径有赖于神经递质。

16 lessened   

减少的，减弱的

参考例句：

• Listening to the speech through an interpreter lessened its impact somewhat. 演讲辞通过翻译的嘴说出来，多少削弱了演讲的力量。
• The flight to suburbia lessened the number of middle-class families living within the city. 随着迁往郊外的风行，住在城内的中产家庭减少了。

17 hormones   

n. 荷尔蒙，激素 名词hormone的复数形式

参考例句：

• This hormone interacts closely with other hormones in the body. 这种荷尔蒙与体內其他荷尔蒙紧密地相互作用。
• The adrenals produce a large per cent of a man's sex hormones. 肾上腺分泌人体的大部分性激素。

18 gland   

n.腺体，(机)密封压盖，填料盖

参考例句：

• This is a snake's poison gland.这就是蛇的毒腺。
• Her mother has an underactive adrenal gland.她的母亲肾上腺机能不全。

19 stimulus   

n.刺激，刺激物，促进因素，引起兴奋的事物

参考例句：

• Regard each failure as a stimulus to further efforts.把每次失利看成对进一步努力的激励。
• Light is a stimulus to growth in plants.光是促进植物生长的一个因素。

20 well-being   

n.安康，安乐，幸福

参考例句：

• He always has the well-being of the masses at heart.他总是把群众的疾苦挂在心上。
• My concern for their well-being was misunderstood as interference.我关心他们的幸福，却被误解为多管闲事。

21 elation   

n.兴高采烈，洋洋得意

参考例句：

• She showed her elation at having finally achieved her ambition.最终实现了抱负，她显得十分高兴。
• His supporters have reacted to the news with elation.他的支持者听到那条消息后兴高采烈。

22 exhausted   

adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的

参考例句：

• It was a long haul home and we arrived exhausted.搬运回家的这段路程特别长，到家时我们已筋疲力尽。
• Jenny was exhausted by the hustle of city life.珍妮被城市生活的忙乱弄得筋疲力尽。