New Bat Studies Aim to Prevent Future Pandemics

Researchers from around the world are increasing efforts to find animal populations that could start future human pandemics.

The aim is to identify zoonotic diseases -- those that can spread from animals to humans.

Coronaviruses, for example, can infect both animals and humans. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and prevention (CDC) says coronaviruses, like the new one affecting much of the world, "are common in people and many different species."

But, the CDC notes, "animal coronaviruses rarely infect people and then spread between people." There have, however, been major disease outbreaks caused by coronaviruses in humans.

Bats have been linked to some of them. Many scientists believe bats were the first carriers of the new coronavirus, which causes the disease COVID-19. Health experts estimate that thousands of coronaviruses are present in bats, with many still undiscovered. Researchers are seeking to identify such viruses in order to stop new ones from spreading to humans.

Dr. Gagandeep Kang is an infectious diseases expert at Christian¹ Medical College, Vellore in southern India. She told The Associated Press (AP) "it's not a question of if, but when" another virus will jump from animal to human and find the conditions to spread quickly.

Kang said earlier research has suggested that India is among the most likely countries for such a "spillover" event to happen. This is because India has seen its human and livestock² populations increasingly expand into dense³ forest areas where wild animals live.

Much of the research aimed at preventing future pandemics has centered on bats, the world's only flying mammals.

More than 1,400 different bat species live on every continent of the world except Antarctica. Many of them are effective carriers of disease. This is because the animals can carry viruses that are deadly in humans and livestock, while showing little signs of disease themselves. Experts say this permits infected bats to travel long and far, with the ability to spread viruses.

"The secret is that bats have unusual immune systems, and that's related to their ability to fly," Raina Plowright told the AP. She is an expert in infectious diseases and studies bats at Montana State University.

Plowright said bats require a huge amount of energy to get off the ground and stay in flight. To do this, their metabolism⁴ is raised to a very high level.

Plowright and other bat scientists think the animals' bodies went through changes over time to help them recover from the demands of flying. Such changes could also give them extra protection against viruses. Scientists hope to keep studying the bat immune system to help them understand more about what makes the animals lose viruses. Such studies might also help researchers develop future medical treatments.

Cara Brook⁵ is a disease ecologist at the University of California, Berkeley. She said bats and other animals that carry viruses do not necessarily present a risk to humans. The right conditions have to exist for a spillover event to happen. "The virus has to come out of the host for us to get infected," Brook said.

However, she added that the shrinking and destruction of habitats worldwide - especially in forested areas - means "we are seeing higher rates of contact between wildlife and humans." Such contact creates more chances for spillover.

In Brazil, the state-run Fiocruz Institute sent teams to research bats in Rio de Janeiro's Pedra Branca park, one of the world's largest forests within a highly populated area. The park was chosen because it offers many interactions between wild animals and thousands of humans living in surrounding communities.

The scientists are not only studying bats. They are also studying small primates⁷, wild cats and cats kept in homes with confirmed COVID-19 cases.

The Brazilian team is just one of many worldwide seeking to reduce the risk of a second pandemic this century.

Ian Mackay is a virus expert at Australia's University of Queensland. He told the AP that scientists and governments would stand a better chance at containing future outbreaks if they had faster messaging of when and where they begin.

Mackay said ongoing⁸, immediate⁹, "surveillance" systems – like flu labs set up by the World Health Organization worldwide – could help researchers be better prepared. He also suggested that labs could continually test wastewater or materials from hospitals to discover new outbreaks.

Words in This Story

species – n. a group of animals or plants that are similar and can produce young animals or plants

outbreak – n. a sudden start or increase of fighting or disease

livestock – n. farm animals

mammal – n. an animal that feeds its babies on milk from its body

immune system – n. the cells and tissues in the body that fight against infection

metabolism – n. all the chemical processes in the body, especially the ones that use food

host – n. a living animal carrying a disease

primate⁶ – n. a member of the group of animals that includes monkey and people

surveillance – n. the activity of watching someone or something very carefully

1 Christian   

adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒

参考例句：

• They always addressed each other by their Christian name.他们总是以教名互相称呼。
• His mother is a sincere Christian.他母亲是个虔诚的基督教徒。

2 livestock   

n.家畜，牲畜

参考例句：

• Both men and livestock are flourishing.人畜两旺。
• The heavy rains and flooding killed scores of livestock.暴雨和大水淹死了许多牲口。

3 dense   

a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的

参考例句：

• The general ambushed his troops in the dense woods. 将军把部队埋伏在浓密的树林里。
• The path was completely covered by the dense foliage. 小路被树叶厚厚地盖了一层。

4 metabolism   

n.新陈代谢

参考例句：

• After years of dieting,Carol's metabolism was completely out of whack.经过数年的节食，卡罗尔的新陈代谢完全紊乱了。
• All living matter undergoes a process of metabolism.生物都有新陈代谢。

5 brook   

n.小河，溪；v.忍受，容让

参考例句：

• In our room we could hear the murmur of a distant brook.在我们房间能听到远处小溪汩汩的流水声。
• The brook trickled through the valley.小溪涓涓流过峡谷。

6 primate   

n.灵长类（目）动物，首席主教；adj.首要的

参考例句：

• 14 percent of primate species are highly endangered.14%的灵长类物种处于高度濒危状态。
• The woolly spider monkey is the largest primate in the Americas.绒毛蛛猴是美洲最大的灵长类动物。

7 primates   

primate的复数

参考例句：

• Primates are alert, inquisitive animals. 灵长目动物是机灵、好奇的动物。
• Consciousness or cerebration has been said to have emerged in the evolution of higher primates. 据说意识或思考在较高级灵长类的进化中已出现。

8 ongoing   

adj.进行中的，前进的

参考例句：

• The problem is ongoing.这个问题尚未解决。
• The issues raised in the report relate directly to Age Concern's ongoing work in this area.报告中提出的问题与“关心老人”组织在这方面正在做的工作有直接的关系。

9 immediate   

adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的

参考例句：

• His immediate neighbours felt it their duty to call.他的近邻认为他们有责任去拜访。
• We declared ourselves for the immediate convocation of the meeting.我们主张立即召开这个会议。