VOA慢速英语2021--银杏叶帮助科学家破译古代气候

Gingko Leaves Teach Scientists About Climate During Dinosaurs¹ Days

As scientists try to understand the future of our warming planet², critical information may be found in the past.

At the Smithsonian Natural History Museum, Richard Barclay opens a metal drawer. Inside are fossils⁴ that are nearly 100 million years old. The scientist holds a rock, and inside the rock is an ancient leaf. He easily recognizes the plant.

"You can tell this is ginkgo. It (is) a unique shape," he said. "It has (not) changed much in many millions of years."

Barclay told a writer for the Associated Press that the leaf fell off a tree when Tyrannosaurus rex and triceratops walked through prehistoric⁵ forests.

Ginkgo trees are that old. Gingko leaves are special for another reason. Their fossils often contain actual plant material and not simply a leaf's shape. So, they may help scientists understand ancient climate systems and as a result the possible future of our warming planet.

Of special interest to scientists are something called "hothouse" periods. These are periods of time when they believe carbon levels and temperatures were much higher than they are today.

One such hothouse time took place during the late Cretaceous period, which was about 66 million to 100 million years ago. This was the last period of dinosaurs -- before a meteor hit the Earth and most animals died out.

Learning⁶ more about ancient hothouse climates can give scientists valuable information to test models that predict future climates. But climate information about the distant past is limited. Air trapped in ancient ice permits scientists to study carbon dioxide levels. But those samples only go back about 800,000 years.

That is why the Smithsonian's ginkgo leaves are so important. For example, the collection contains a leaf from 1896. That is around the time when the Industrial Revolution started changing the climate.

This leaf has the same shape of the 100-million-year-old leaf. However, one big difference can be seen with a microscope - how the leaf has reacted to changing carbon in the air.

The AP story explains that on a leaf's underside are very small holes or pores⁷. They are designed to take in carbon dioxide and respire water. This lets the plant turn sunlight into energy. When there is a lot of carbon in the air, the plant needs fewer pores to take in the carbon it needs. When carbon levels drop, the leaf produces more pores.

Today, scientists know that the worldwide average level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is about 410 parts per million. And Barclay knows what that makes the leaf look like. He also knows what ginkgo leaves looked like before humans had greatly changed the planet's atmosphere.

Now he wants to know what pores in the fossilized ginkgo leaves can tell him about the atmosphere 100 million years ago.

So, he is running an experiment in a forest in the state of Maryland, near Washington, D.C.

He and his team are growing ginkgo trees in a way that lets them experience natural weather – rain, sunlight, and the changing of seasons. But the team has the ability to change levels of carbon dioxide in the air.

Some trees are growing at current carbon dioxide levels. Others are growing at much higher levels – about the same as levels in the distant past, and maybe similar to levels that will be seen in the future.

"We need something to compare with," Barclay said. If there are similarities between leaves in the experimental⁸ forest and the fossil³ leaves, the researchers will have a general guide to the ancient atmosphere.

Words in This Story

unique – adj. used to say that something or someone is unlike anything or anyone else : very special or unusual : belonging to or connected with only one particular thing, place, or person

carbon – n. a chemical element that forms diamonds and coal and that is found in petroleum⁹ and in all living plants and animals

sample – n. a small amount of something that gives you information about the thing it was taken from

respire – v. of a cell or tissue¹⁰ : to take up oxygen and produce carbon dioxide through oxidation

compensate¹¹ – v. to provide something good as a balance against something bad or undesirable

1 dinosaurs   

n.恐龙( dinosaur的名词复数 )；守旧落伍的人，过时落后的东西

参考例句：

• The brontosaurus was one of the largest of all dinosaurs. 雷龙是所有恐龙中最大的一种。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Dinosaurs have been extinct for millions of years. 恐龙绝种已有几百万年了。 来自《简明英汉词典》

2 planet   

n.行星

参考例句：

• Neptune is the furthest planet from the sun. 海王星是离太阳最远的行星。
• Rubbish, however, is only part of the problem of polluting our planet. 然而, 垃圾只是我们这个星球的污染问题的一个方面。

3 fossil   

n.化石，食古不化的人，老顽固

参考例句：

• At this distance of time it is difficult to date the fossil.时间隔得这么久了，很难确定这化石的年代。
• The man is a fossil.那人是个老顽固。

4 fossils   

n.化石( fossil的名词复数 )；老顽固；食古不化的人；老古董（老人）

参考例句：

• fossils over two million years old 两百多万年的化石
• The geologist found many uncovered fossils in the valley. 在那山谷里，地质学家发现了许多裸露的化石。 来自《简明英汉词典》

5 prehistoric   

adj.（有记载的）历史以前的，史前的，古老的

参考例句：

• They have found prehistoric remains.他们发现了史前遗迹。
• It was rather like an exhibition of prehistoric electronic equipment.这儿倒像是在展览古老的电子设备。

6 learning   

n.学问，学识，学习；动词learn的现在分词

参考例句：

• When you are learning to ride a bicycle,you often fall off.初学骑自行车时，常会从车上掉下来。
• Learning languages isn't just a matter of remembering words.学习语言不仅仅是记些单词的事。

7 pores   

（皮肤上的）毛孔，微孔( pore的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The pores of your body secrete sweat. 身上的毛孔分泌汗液。
• Sweat exudes through the pores. 汗从毛孔中渗出。

8 experimental   

adj.实验的，用作实验的，根据实验的

参考例句：

• This trip will be only experimental.这次旅行只是试验性的。
• The experimental farm is near the waterpower station.实验农场靠近水电站。

9 petroleum   

n.原油，石油

参考例句：

• The Government of Iran advanced the price of petroleum last week.上星期伊朗政府提高了石油价格。
• The purpose of oil refinery is to refine crude petroleum.炼油厂的主要工作是提炼原油。

10 tissue   

n.组织；薄纱，薄纸，手巾纸

参考例句：

• As we age we lose muscle tissue.肌肉组织会随着我们日趋衰老而萎缩。
• Athletes have hardly any fatty tissue.运动员几乎没有什么脂肪组织。

11 compensate   

vt.补偿，赔偿；酬报 vi.弥补；补偿；抵消

参考例句：

• She used her good looks to compensate her lack of intelligence. 她利用她漂亮的外表来弥补智力的不足。
• Nothing can compensate for the loss of one's health. 一个人失去了键康是不可弥补的。