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A new study suggests that pollution of all kinds kills about 9 million people worldwide each year.

一项新的研究发现，各种污染每年导致全球约900万人死亡。

Air pollution from industrial processes and the expansion of cities accounted for about 75 percent of the deaths, researchers found. Air pollution also drove a 7 percent increase in all pollution-related deaths from 2015 to 2019.

研究人员发现，工业过程和城市扩张造成的空气污染要对75%的死亡负责。从2015年到2019年，空气污染还导致所有与污染相关的死亡人数增加了7%。

The study was a cooperative effort between environmental interest groups and scientists. It was based on examinations of worldwide death rates and pollution levels. The findings recently appeared in the publication Lancet Planetary Health.

这项研究是环境利益团体和科学家之间的一项合作努力。它是基于对全球死亡率和污染水平的审查。该研究结果最近发表在《柳叶刀·星球健康》杂志上。

The study separated traditional contaminants from more modern pollutants¹. Examples of traditional contaminants are indoor smoke or wastewater. Modern pollutants include air pollution from vehicles or industrial activities and poisonous chemicals.

该研究将传统污染物与更现代的污染物区分开来。传统污染物的例子是室内烟雾和废水。现代污染物包括来自车辆或工业活动的空气污染和有毒化学品。

The researchers found that deaths from traditional pollutants are dropping worldwide. But they still remain a major problem in Africa and some other developing countries. Contaminated water, soil and dirty indoor air made Chad, the Central African Republic and Niger the top three nations with the most pollution-related deaths.

研究人员发现，传统污染物造成的死亡人数在全球范围内下降。但它们仍然是非洲和一些发展中国家的主要问题。受污染的水、土壤和肮脏的室内空气使得乍得、中非共和国以及尼日尔成为污染相关死亡人数最多的三个国家。

In some countries, state programs to cut indoor air pollution and improvements in sanitation² have helped reduce death rates. In Ethiopia and Nigeria, for example, such efforts cut deaths by two-thirds between 2000 and 2019, the study found.

在一些国家，减少室内污染以及改善卫生设施的国家项目帮助降低了死亡率。研究发现，在埃塞俄比亚和尼日利亚，这些措施在2000年到2019年期间将死亡人数减少了三分之二。

Modern kinds of pollution are rising in most countries, especially developing ones, the researchers said. Deaths caused by modern pollutants – such as heavy metals, agricultural chemicals and carbon emissions³ – are "skyrocketing," said study co-writer Rachael Kupka. She heads the New York-based Global Alliance on Health and Pollution. Kupka said deaths linked to modern pollutants had risen 66 percent since 2000.

研究人员表示，在大多数国家，尤其是发展中国家，现代污染正在上升。这项研究的合著者雷切尔·卡普卡表示，由现代污染物（如重金属、农业化学品和碳排放）造成的死亡人数正在飙升。她领导了总部位于纽约的全球健康和污染联盟。库普卡表示，自2000年以来，与现代污染物有关的死亡人数增加了66%。

The study found that several major cities – including Bangkok, Beijing and Mexico City, had seen success in reducing outdoor air pollution. But in many smaller cities, pollution levels continued to climb.

研究发现，包括曼谷、北京和墨西哥城在内的几个主要城市在减少室内空气污染方面取得了成功。但是在许多小城市，污染水平继续攀升。

The researchers noted⁴ that pollution now kills about the same number of people a year around the world as cigarette smoking and second-hand⁵ smoke combined.

研究人员指出，现在全球每年因污染造成的死亡人数与吸烟以及吸二手烟造成的死亡总人数大致相同。

"Nine million deaths is a lot of deaths," Philip Landrigan told The Associated Press about the study results. He is director of the Global Public Health Program and Global Pollution Observatory⁶ at Boston College in Massachusetts.

菲利普·兰德里根在对美联社谈到这项研究结果时表示：“900万死亡是一个庞大的数字。”他是马萨诸塞州波士顿学院全球公共卫生项目和全球污染观察站的主任。

"The bad news is that it's not decreasing," Landrigan added. "We're making gains in the easy stuff and we're seeing the more difficult stuff, which is the (outdoor industrial) air pollution and chemical pollution, still going up."

兰德里根表示：“坏消息是它并没有在减少。我们在简单事务上取得了进展，但是我们看到了更困难的事务，即（户外工业）空气污染和化学污染仍在上升。”

The study makes several suggestions for ways to cut the number of deaths. These include creating better recording⁷ and reporting methods and stronger government policies to reduce pollution linked to industrial activities and vehicle emissions.

该研究就减少死亡人数的方法提出了一些建议。其中包括创建更好的记录和报告方式，以及更强力的政府政策，以减少与工业活动以及车辆排放相关的污染。

Dr. Lynn Goldman leads the George Washington University School of Public Health in Washington DC. She was not part of the study. Goldman told the AP she thinks such human loss to pollution is highly preventable. "Each and every one of them is a death that is unnecessary," she said. Goldman added that the estimates in the study make sense to her, even though she thinks the number of pollution deaths is likely higher.

林恩·古德曼博士领导了华盛顿特区的乔治华盛顿大学公共卫生学院。她没有参与这项研究。古德曼告诉美联社，她认为这种因污染造成的人类伤亡是可以高度预防的。她说：“他们每个人都是不必要的死亡。”古德曼还表示，这项研究中的估算对她来说很有意义，尽管她认为污染死亡人数可能更高。