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New Research Adds to the Story of Penguins²

Researchers recently offered the most complete examination yet of the history of penguins.

Penguins are short-legged flightless seabirds that mainly live in the southern half of the world.

The researchers studied the genomes of the 20 living penguin¹ species and subspecies. With more than three quarters of known penguin species no longer existing, the researchers also included in their study 50 fossil species using skeletal data.

The researchers said penguins came from a common ancestor shared with a group of seabirds that includes albatrosses and petrels. Penguins first developed the ability to dive, like a puffin, and then lost the ability to fly as they adapted to water.

The earliest-known penguin is called Waimanu manneringi, from New Zealand. It is believed to have lived 61 million years ago.

Daniel Ksepka of the Bruce Museum in Greenwich, Connecticut, is the co-writer of the study that was published in Nature Communications.

"We know penguins evolved from flying birds, but that happened over 60 million years ago and we need to look to the fossil record to piece together where, when and how that happened," he said.

Ksepka noted³ that penguins are appealing animals. He added that they "are ridiculously charming creatures. They love, they fight, they steal, and because of their funny upright posture⁴ it's really easy to imagine them having all the same motivations as people."

Motivation is a term that means a cause or reason for doing something.

The study proposes that changes in world temperatures and in major ocean currents have been important drivers of penguin evolution.

Penguins live mainly in the Southern Hemisphere. The Galapagos penguin is the only one found north of the equator.

The University of Copenhagen's Theresa Cole was the study's lead writer. Cole said the research found a number of genes⁶ likely involved in physical changes known as adaptations.

Such adaptations include gene⁵ mutations that shift the way penguins see the world. Penguins' vision is more sensitive toward the blue end of the color spectrum⁷. Blue light goes more deeply into the ocean than light at the red end of the spectrum.

Genes that help birds detect salty and sour tastes are active in penguins. But genes that help detect bitter, sweet and savory⁸ tastes are inactivated⁹. Those may no longer be needed as penguins find food in cold, salty water and usually swallow prey¹⁰ including fish, shrimp¹¹ and squid whole.

Penguins show changes in their wing bones and a reduction of their flight feathers. Penguins also have reduced air spaces in the skeleton and the ability to store more oxygen in their muscles for long dives.

Penguins were once much larger than today's species. One ancient species, Kumimanu biceae, lived in New Zealand between 55 and 60 million years ago and stood about 1.8 meters tall. The largest modern species, the emperor penguin, is about one meter tall.

Words in This Story

species – n. biology : a group of animals or plants that are similar and can produce young animals or plants

fossil – n. something (such as a leaf, skeleton, or footprint) that is from a plant or animal which lived in ancient times

adapt – v. to change (something) so that it functions better or is better suited for a purpose

ridiculously – adv. to an extreme extent

charming – adj. very pleasing or appealing : full of charm

posture – n. the way in which your body is positioned when you are sitting or standing¹²

spectrum – n. a continuum of color formed when a beam of white light is dispersed