VOA日常语法2024--Population, Overpopulation, Underpopulation

Population, Overpopulation, Underpopulation

　　Imagine you want to talk about the people in your country or in the world. In other words, you want to talk about a population.

　　How might you do so?

　　In today's Everyday Grammar, we will explore the noun "population." You will learn important ideas about the term and how to use it in everyday situations.

　　Let's start with a visit to the dictionary.

　　Population vs. populate

　　If you look in a dictionary, you might wonder about two words that seem closely related. We have the noun "population" and the verb "populate."

　　Is it important to know about the verb "populate," you might ask?

　　Google Ngram Viewer permits us to examine words and phrases in thousands of books. We can get a good idea of how often individual words and structures are used.

　　When we examine the frequency of "population" and compare it to that of "populate," we reach a clear finding: the noun "population" is much more commonly used.

　　Another way to understand the idea is this: you are much more likely to hear "population" in everyday situations.

　　Countable¹ noun

　　Population is a noun meaning the number of people, animals, or other living things of a kind in an area.

　　We commonly use "population" as a countable noun. In other words, you can add an –s to the end of "population" to get the plural² form "populations."

　　So, you might hear or read the singular form "population," as in:

　　Experts expect the world's population to increase by a very small amount over the next year.

　　We use the singular form because we are talking about all the people who live in the world – one very large group!

　　How might we use the plural form? In this case, we might use other terms to clarify that we are talking about different groups. For example, you might read or hear something like this:

　　Elderly and overweight populations face greater risk from the illness.

　　In this case, we use the plural form "populations" because we are talking about all of the members of two separate groups – elderly people and overweight people.

　　Now that we have explored the noun "population," we should consider the word in terms of broader language situations.

　　Words before and after

　　How do we commonly use the word "population" in everyday speech?

　　Let's start by examining the most commonly used words that come before and after "population."

　　Since "population" is a noun, we might expect that determiners – words that tell us if a noun is general or specific – should be commonly used before it.

　　Google's Ngram Viewer tell us that the word "the" is the most commonly used word before "population."

　　So, you are very likely to hear or read something like this:

　　Experts said the population declined by 1 percent.

　　And what about the most commonly used word after the noun "population?"

　　We find that the short word "of" is the most common by far.

　　So, you are very likely to hear or read something like this:

　　The population of Japan is aging quickly.

　　Words connected to population

　　Over and under are two words that can be attached to population to form a new single word.

　　Overpopulation describes a situation in which there are too many people.

　　Underpopulation describes a situation in which there are too few people.

　　Importantly, we generally use "overpopulation" and "underpopulation" as noncount nouns. In other words, there is no plural form. We do not add an –s to the end of either word.

　　How might you expect these terms to appear in everyday situations? Here are two examples:

　　Experts predict overpopulation will result in food shortages.

　　Experts predict underpopulation will result in labor³ shortages.

　　Questions

　　In today's lesson, we explored a useful noun and how to use it in everyday situations.

　　We will close our lesson with a call to action. Please answer the following questions in an email to [email protected]

　　What is the population like in your country or city? Is the population increasing or decreasing?

　　In a future lesson, we can provide feedback on some of the writing that we receive.

　　Words in This Story

　　dictionary – n. a reference book that contains words listed in alphabetical⁴ order

　　phrase – n. a word or group of words forming a syntactic constituent⁵ with a single grammatical function

　　specific – n. restricted to a particular individual, situation, relation, or effect

1 countable   

adj.可数的，可以计算的

参考例句：

• The word "person" is a countable noun.person这个词是个可数名词。
• Countable nouns have singular and plural forms.可数名词有单数和复数之分。

2 plural   

n.复数；复数形式；adj.复数的

参考例句：

• Most plural nouns in English end in's '.英语的复数名词多以s结尾。
• Here you should use plural pronoun.这里你应该用复数代词。

3 labor   

n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦

参考例句：

• We are never late in satisfying him for his labor.我们从不延误付给他劳动报酬。
• He was completely spent after two weeks of hard labor.艰苦劳动两周后，他已经疲惫不堪了。

4 alphabetical   

adj.字母（表）的，依字母顺序的

参考例句：

• Please arrange these books in alphabetical order.请把这些书按字母顺序整理一下。
• There is no need to maintain a strict alphabetical sequence.不必保持严格的字顺。

5 constituent   

n.选民；成分，组分；adj.组成的，构成的

参考例句：

• Sugar is the main constituent of candy.食糖是糖果的主要成分。
• Fibre is a natural constituent of a healthy diet.纤维是健康饮食的天然组成部分。