VOA健康报道2025--How to Protect Against Increased Viral Spread in Winter

Influenza¹, or the flu, COVID-19, norovirus and the common cold easily spread throughout the winter season.

Knowing what these infections are and how they spread can help us avoid them. The Associated Press has listed some things anyone can do to keep healthy and to know more about these infections:

Cold, flu, or COVID?

Some signs, or symptoms, of a cold, the flu, COVID-19 or norovirus are similar. This can make it hard to know what is making us sick.

However, some symptoms are unmistakable.

Norovirus spreads through polluted food, water and surfaces, including the skin. The virus causes vomiting³, diarrhea, and stomach pain. The sickness can last for about one to three days.

The common cold can be caused by several different kinds of viruses and can include several symptoms. These include a runny nose, congestion⁴, cough, sneezing, and pain in the throat, head and other parts of the body. It can also cause higher than normal body temperature, or a fever. The common cold usually lasts less than a week.

The flu is caused by influenza viruses that are always changing. Infection leads to fever, cough, sore throat, runny nose, body aches, headaches and feeling tired. Flu symptoms usually hit more quickly than cold symptoms. They can last from a few days to two weeks.

COVID-19 can cause fever, chills, cough, congestion, tiredness and throat and head pain. Other signs of COVID are the loss of smell or taste, difficulty breathing, nausea⁵, or vomiting. The sickness can last for several days.

The respiratory syncytial virus, or RSV, can make people sick for one or two weeks. The signs include runny nose, congestion, coughing, sneezing, breathing problems, fever, and a loss of appetite.

Wash your hands

So how can we avoid infections? Experts say people should wash their hands carefully and often with a cleanser such as soap. Clean hands are very important to reducing the spread of norovirus, colds, flu and COVID-19.

The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says this is especially true after using the bathroom, eating or preparing food.

Make sure you take enough time to wash your hands. It should take at least 20 seconds to complete the job.

If you do not have soap and water available, cleansers called hand sanitizers are a good substitute. The sanitizer must be at least 60 percent alcohol to be effective against most of these viruses. An exception is norovirus which requires a stronger sanitizer.

Cleaning surfaces can remove viruses

To avoid norovirus, you must immediately clean surfaces that have come in contact with infected food or bodily fluids. The CDC advises disinfecting things with a chlorine bleach⁶ solution or one of the products listed on the Environmental Protection Agency website.

Do not forget to wash any clothing that has come in contact with vomit² or other bodily waste. Use hot water and soap. Then, wash your hands again.

With colds and flu, it is best to repeatedly clean surfaces that are touched or used often. These include doorknobs, light switches, kitchen workspaces, children's playthings, cellphones and other objects around the home.

Use household cleaning products that contain soap or detergent⁷ and follow up with a sanitizer. The CDC has more advice on how to clean.

COVID-19 spreads through the air in small drops and particles. The CDC says there is low risk of getting the virus from surfaces.

Keeping your hands off your face can keep viruses out

Viruses can spread through talking, coughing and sneezing, so cover your mouth with a tissue when you sneeze or cough. Then, wash your hands.

Do not touch your face. If you have viruses on your unwashed hands and touch your face, eyes or nose, they can get into your body. Your likelihood of getting sick will increase.

Consider a vaccine⁸ (if there is one)

You might consider a vaccine if one is available.

Updated COVID-19 vaccines⁹ are available. Yearly flu shots for people 6 months and older are also available. For adults 60 and older or people who are pregnant, you might want to get the RSV vaccine.

There is no vaccine for norovirus or the common cold.

Another way to keep your defenses against viruses up: Rest

Your immune system may not work as well if you are lacking enough sleep, water or are experiencing high levels of tension. Rest. Sleep. And drink enough water.

Stay at home

If you do get sick, you can take a test to find out if you have COVID-19 or influenza. It is important to know if you have a virus that could be treated with available medicines. The drug Paxlovid treats COVID-19. Tamiflu is used to treat flu.

Above all, if you have symptoms of any of these sicknesses, stay at home and away from other people. This will help stop the spread of viruses.

To treat a cold, flu or COVID-19, rest and drink fluids. You can take pain medicine to lower a fever or to ease pain. Humidifier machines, which increase the amount of water in the air, can also help ease symptoms.

There is no medication for norovirus. You need to replace fluids lost because of the sickness. Drink as much water and other liquids as possible. Seek medical help if you notice you have a dry mouth and throat, are not expelling liquid waste easily, or feel dizzy when standing¹⁰.

I'm Caty Weaver¹¹. And I'm Mario Ritter Jr.

The Associated Press produced this report. Caty Weaver adapted it for VOA Learning English.

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Words in This Story

vomiting –n. expelling what is inside your stomach through your mouth

diarrhea –n. a sickness that can cause an infected person to pass waste and fluid often

congestion –n. blockage¹² in the area of the nose caused by fluid

cough –n. involuntarily expelling air through the throat in a quick action

sneezing –n. suddenly expelling air through the nose and throat

ache –n. physical and lasting¹³ pain in a part of the body

chill –n. a feeling of being cold with involuntary shaking

appetite –n. the desire to eat food

1 influenza   

n.流行性感冒，流感

参考例句：

• They took steps to prevent the spread of influenza.他们采取措施
• Influenza is an infectious disease.流感是一种传染病。

2 vomit   

v.呕吐，作呕；n.呕吐物，吐出物

参考例句：

• They gave her salty water to make her vomit.他们给她喝盐水好让她吐出来。
• She was stricken by pain and began to vomit.她感到一阵疼痛，开始呕吐起来。

3 vomiting   

吐

参考例句：

• Symptoms include diarrhoea and vomiting. 症状有腹泻和呕吐。
• Especially when I feel seasick, I can't stand watching someone else vomiting." 尤其晕船的时候，看不得人家呕。”

4 congestion   

n.阻塞，消化不良

参考例句：

• The congestion in the city gets even worse during the summer.夏天城市交通阻塞尤为严重。
• Parking near the school causes severe traffic congestion.在学校附近泊车会引起严重的交通堵塞。

5 nausea   

n.作呕，恶心；极端的憎恶(或厌恶)

参考例句：

• Early pregnancy is often accompanied by nausea.怀孕期常有恶心的现象。
• He experienced nausea after eating octopus.吃了章鱼后他感到恶心。

6 bleach   

vt.使漂白；vi.变白；n.漂白剂

参考例句：

• These products don't bleach the hair.这些产品不会使头发变白。
• Did you bleach this tablecloth?你把这块桌布漂白了吗？

7 detergent   

n.洗涤剂；adj.有洗净力的

参考例句：

• He recommended a new detergent to me.他向我推荐一种新的洗涤剂。
• This detergent can remove stubborn stains.这种去污剂能去除难洗的污渍。

8 vaccine   

n.牛痘苗，疫苗；adj.牛痘的，疫苗的

参考例句：

• The polio vaccine has saved millions of lives.脊髓灰质炎疫苗挽救了数以百万计的生命。
• She takes a vaccine against influenza every fall.她每年秋季接种流感疫苗。

9 vaccines   

疫苗，痘苗( vaccine的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• His team are at the forefront of scientific research into vaccines. 他的小组处于疫苗科研的最前沿。
• The vaccines were kept cool in refrigerators. 疫苗放在冰箱中冷藏。

10 standing   

n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的

参考例句：

• After the earthquake only a few houses were left standing.地震过后只有几幢房屋还立着。
• They're standing out against any change in the law.他们坚决反对对法律做任何修改。

11 weaver   

n.织布工；编织者

参考例句：

• She was a fast weaver and the cloth was very good.她织布织得很快，而且布的质量很好。
• The eager weaver did not notice my confusion.热心的纺织工人没有注意到我的狼狈相。

12 blockage   

n.障碍物；封锁

参考例句：

• The logical treatment is to remove this blockage.合理的治疗方法就是清除堵塞物。
• If the blockage worked,they could retreat with dignity.如果封锁发生作用，他们可以体面地撤退。

13 lasting   

adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持

参考例句：

• The lasting war debased the value of the dollar.持久的战争使美元贬值。
• We hope for a lasting settlement of all these troubles.我们希望这些纠纷能获得永久的解决。