印第安纳沙丘的成因分析

64 印第安纳沙丘的成因分析

EXPLORATIONS - September 5, 2001: Indiana DunesBy Jerilyn Watson

VOICE ONE:
This is Shirley Griffith.
VOICE TWO:
And this is Steve Ember with the VOA Special English program, EXPLORATIONS. Today we tell about the Indiana (1)Dunes². These hills of sand are not far from Chicago, Illinois. They rise on the (2)shores of Lake Michigan, one of America's Five Great Lakes.
((THEME))
VOICE ONE:
Millions of people visit the sand hills in the Middle Western state of Indiana each year. The winds along Lake Michigan created some of these dunes in (3)ancient times. Other dunes may be building right now. The winds create dunes when they drop (4)loose sand onto land. Some dunes look partly round. Others take the form of long, (5)narrow hills.
Visitors from all over the world (6)explore the Indiana dunes area. They swim and sail in the lake. They watch birds in the (7)wetlands. They study plant life in the rich forests of oak³ trees and (8)maple trees.
The smooth sands of the dunes and lakeshore make a clear musical sound when people walk on them. Some of these sounds can be heard ten meters away. Visitors often say that the sand dunes sing.
VOICE TWO:
The Indiana state government and the federal⁴ government control more than six thousand (9)hectares of land along the lake. They operate parks with visitors areas and scientific research stations. (10)Supervision by these agencies⁵ (11)guarantees that the land will always belong to the public. Laws protect the plants, animals, and natural and historical points of interest.
During the twentieth century many people worked hard to save the dunes from development for industrial and port uses. This was not easy. The land along that area of Lake Michigan is extremely valuable. Some of the land provides important lake ports. Industries like Bethlehem Steel, Midwest (12)Steel and Indiana's natural-gas company also operate along the lake.
VOICE ONE:
In the early Nineteen-Fifties some companies were removing five tons of sand each day from the dunes. Scientists of the Indiana Geological⁶ (13)Survey (14)investigated the sand supply in Nineteen-Fifty-Two. They said the dunes had enough sand to continue removing it at that rate for about fifty to one-hundred years.
The wind and (15)waves of Lake Michigan created the dunes over fifteen-thousand years. Yet people could (16)destroy the dunes in a lifetime.
((BRIDGE MUSIC))
VOICE TWO:
The federal government established the National Park Service in Nineteen-Sixteen. A Chicago businessman named Stephen T. Mather was its first director. Mister⁷ Mather created many national parks. He wanted the Indiana dunes to be a national park, too.
But the world was on the (17)edge of a war. World War One began in Nineteen-Seventeen. Congress⁸ was not thinking about creating parks. It was thinking about soldiers and military supplies.
Public support for a protected dunes park continued to grow, however. In Nineteen-Twenty-Three, Indiana passed a bill providing tax money to buy (18)property along the lake from its (19)private owners. Four years later the Indiana Dunes State Park opened. It contained more than eight-hundred hectares of land.
VOICE ONE:
Area citizens, scientists and visitors were pleased with the state park. But they did not feel (20)satisfied. They wanted much more land along the lake protected from being used for more factories and industrial ports.
Activist⁹ Dorothy Buell led the campaign for a national park in the dunes. The Save the Dunes (21)Council¹⁰ was formed in Nineteen-Fifty-Two.
The proposed¹¹ park met (22)opposition from Indiana congressional (23)representatives. The congressmen said ports on the lake would provide more jobs for local workers than a national park. Yet the Save the Dunes Council found a powerful friend in United States Senator¹² Paul H. Douglas. He represented the nearby state of Illinois.
(24)Senator Douglas loved the dunes. Every year he would introduce a bill to create an Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. But every year the bill failed to pass.
VOICE TWO:
In Nineteen-Sixty-Six, people who wanted more development finally reached a (25)compromise with people who wanted a national park. Congress first passed a bill to develop more (26)ports. But then, it also created the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. More land was added to the park in later (27)legislation. Today the six-thousand hectares of the federal Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore also include the Indiana Dunes State Park.
((BRIDGE MUSIC ))
VOICE ONE:
Many people have lived in the dunes. Scientists say the first settlers arrived twelve-thousand years ago. They hunted huge creatures like the (28)mastodon, which were similar to the modern elephant.
Centuries later (29)native Americans used the dunes to travel between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River. Miami Indians and Potawatomi Indians (30)harvested local plants for medicine and food. They (31)trapped animals covered with fur in the wetlands and rivers.
VOICE TWO:
A modern federal road follows a walking path in the dunes called the Beach Trail. Once this trail was a path between two forts¹³ built to provide protection against attacks by native Indian (32)tribes. These forts became Chicago, Illinois, and Detroit, Michigan.
In Eighteen-Twenty-Two, a trader from the state of Michigan settled in the Indiana dunes. This man, Joseph Bailly, wanted to trade with the Potawatomi Indians. He opened a store and raised a family near Lake Michigan. He exchanged warm (33)blankets and guns for the animal furs supplied by Indians and travelers.
At first, Mister Bailly and his family lived in a small wood home. The trader was building a bigger house when he died. The National Park Service has repaired the outside of this large white home. Now the house looks as it did in Nineteen-Seventeen when the last member of the Bailly family lived there.
VOICE ONE:
A student from the University of Chicago brought scientific knowledge to the dunes. Henry Chandler Cowles received money from the university to study landforms and plant (34)fossils from the time when ice covered much of the world. In Eighteen Ninety-Six, Mister Cowles decided¹⁴ the Indiana dunes would be an (35)excellent place for his research.
Mister Cowles research showed how plant (36)communities could make important changes in land. His work showed how groups of plants could create conditions for a sand dune¹ to become a living forest.
Mister Cowles became a well known professor and researcher. He did not invent the scientific study of how plants and animals relate to their (37)environment. Yet the work of Henry Chandler Cowles in the Indiana Dunes helped spread the science of (38)ecology throughout the world.
VOICE TWO:
Other scientists have (39)explained how the sand hills form. They say a huge thick river of ice helped create the Indiana dunes. Thousands of years ago this (40)glacier¹⁵ moved over what is now central Indiana. As the glacier moved, heavy ice crushed¹⁶ rocks into very small pieces.
Over time, part of the glacier became a body of water called Lake Chicago, an early version¹⁷ of Lake Michigan. The (41)melting glacier dropped the sand it had created around the lake.
The sands of the present-day Lake Michigan are always moving. The winds and waves of the lake carry sand to the surrounding land. Strong winds lift the sand when it lands on the shore. Then the winds drop the sand on the land below. This process starts building new dunes.
VOICE ONE:
Over time, plant life develops on these sand hills. For example, a tree called a (42)cottonwood is usually first to grow on a new dune. Cottonwood trees being (43)buried by sand grow roots along their (44)trunks. The roots help hold the dune in place.
Sometimes a fire or another destructive¹⁸ event removes plant life or trees from a dune. Then the winds dig a hole in the sand. The winds use loose sand from the hole to create a large dune that moves. Such a dune can damage or destroy anything in its way. One such dune has half-buried several summer homes near Lake Michigan.
VOICE TWO: A dune called Mount¹⁹ Baldy (45)guards the northern end of the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. Beautiful trees encircle its lower parts. Thousands of people climb the thirty-eight meters to the top of Mount Baldy each year. But getting there can be difficult. Climbers discover that their footsteps²⁰ up the tall hill of sand often cause them to fall back again.
Jessica Wolfard is a seventeen-year-old student from the Chicago area. Jessica climbed Mount Baldy last month. She said it was worth the effort. From the top she looked for a long time at the bright-blue lake, the sand and the green forests below.
VOICE ONE:
Irene Watson of Chicago is ninety years old. She is Jessica's great-grandmother. Seventy years ago, Missus Watson also climbed in the Indiana dunes. She says, I am so glad the dunes have been saved for my children and their children and all those to come. ?
((THEME))
VOICE TWO:
This Special English program was written by Jerilyn Watson and produced by Keith Holmes. This is Steve Ember.
VOICE ONE:
And this is Shirley Griffith. Join us again next week for another EXPLORATIONS program on the Voice of America.

 

(1)  dune[ dju:n ]n.(由风吹积而成的)沙丘
(2)  shore[ FC:, FCE ]n.岸, 海滨, 支撑柱vt.支撑, 支持
(3) ancient[ 5einFEnt ]adj.远古的, 旧的
(4) loose[ lu:s ]n.解放, 放任, 放纵adj.宽松的, 不精确的, 不牢固的, 散漫的, 自由的vt.释放, 放枪, 开船vi.变松, 开火adv.松散地
(5) narrow[ 5nArEu ]n.狭窄部分, 海峡, 隘路adj.狭窄的, 精密的, 严密的, 有限的, 气量小的, 勉强的, 眼光短浅的vi.变窄vt.使变狭窄, 使缩小
(6) explore[ iks5plC: ]v.探险, 探测, 探究
(7) wetlandn.潮湿的土壤, 沼泽地
(8) maple[ 5meipl ]n.[植]枫, 枫木, 淡棕色
(9) hectare[ 5hektB: ]n.公顷（等于1万平方米）
(10) supervision[ 7sju:pE5viVEn ]n.监督, 管理
(11) guarantee[ 7^ArEn5ti: ]n.保证, 保证书, 担保, 抵押品vt.保证, 担保
(12) steel[ sti:l ]n.钢, 钢铁
(13) survey[ sE:5vei ]n.测量, 调查, 俯瞰, 概观, 纵览, 视察vt.调查(收入,民意等) 测量, 勘定, 审视, 视察, 俯瞰, 通盘考虑vi.测量土地
(14) investigate[ in5vesti^eit ]v.调查, 研究
(15) wave[ weiv ]n.波, 波浪, (挥手)示意, 致意vi.(挥手)示意, 致意, 波动, 飘动, 摇动
(16) destroy[ dis5trCi ]vt.破坏, 毁坏, 消灭v.消灭, 摧毁
(17) edge[ edV ]n.刀口, 利刃, 锋, 优势, 边缘, 优势, 尖锐vt.使锋利, 挤进,
(18) property[ 5prCpEti ]n.财产, 所有物, 所有权, 性质, 特性, (小)道具
(19) private[ 5praivit ]adj.私人的, 私有的, 私营的, 秘密的n.士兵
(20) satisfy[ 5sAtisfai ]vt.满足, 使满意, 说服, 使相信v.满意, 确保
(21) council[ 5kaunsil ]n.政务会, 理事会, 委员会, 参议会, 讨论会议, 顾问班子, 立法班子
(22) opposition[ CpE5ziFEn ]n.反对, 敌对, 相反, 反对派, [天]冲, [逻]对当法
(23) representative[ 7repri5zentEtiv ]n.代表adj.典型的, 有代表性的
(24) senator[ 5senEtE ]n.参议员, (大学的)评议员, (古罗马的)元老院议员
(25) compromise[ 5kCmprEmaiz ]n.妥协, 折衷v.妥协, 折衷, 危及...的安全
(26) port[ pC:t ]n.港口, 舱门, 左舷, 避风港, 枪眼vt.左转舵, 持(枪)vi.转舵左n.端口
(27) legislation[ 7ledVis5leiFEn ]n.立法, 法律的制定(或通过)
(28) mastodon[ 5mAstEdCn ]n.[古生]乳齿象, 庞然大物
(29) native[ 5neitiv ]n.本地人, 土产, 土人adj.本国的, 出生地的, 本地的, 与生俱来的, 天赋的, 土产的, 土著的
(30) harvest[ 5hB:vist ]n.收获, 收成, 结果, 成果v.收获, 收割
(31) trap[ trAp ]n.圈套, 陷阱, 诡计, 活板门, 存水弯, 汽水闸, (双轮)轻便马车vi.设圈套, 设陷阱vt.诱捕, 诱骗, 计捉, 设陷, 坑害, 使受限制
(32) tribe[ traib ]n.部落, 部族
(33) blanket[ 5blANkit ]n.毯子vt.覆盖
(34) fossil[ 5fCsl ]n.化石, 僵化的事物adj.化石的, 陈腐的, 守旧的
(35) excellent[ 5eksElEnt ]adj.卓越的, 极好的
(36) community[ kE5mju:niti ]n.公社, 团体, 社会, (政治)共同体, 共有, 一致, 共同体, (生物)群落
(37) environment[ in5vaiErEnmEnt ]n.环境, 外界
(38) ecology[ i(:)5kClEdVi ]n.生态学, [社会]环境适应学, 均衡系统
(39) explain[ iks5plein ]v.解释, 说明
(40) glacier[ 5^lAsjE, 5^leiFE ]n.冰河
(41) melt[ melt ]v.(使)融化, (使)熔化, 使软化, 使感动
(42) cottonwood[`kCtEnwJd]n.[植]三叶杨,棉白杨
(43) bury[ 5beri ]vt.埋葬, 掩埋, 隐藏
(44) trunk[ trQNk ]n.干线, 树干, 躯干, 箱子, 主干, 象鼻vt.把...放入旅行箱内adj.树干的, 躯干的, 干线的, 箱形的
(45) guard[ ^B:d ]n.守卫, 警戒, 护卫队, 防护装置vt.保卫, 看守, 当心vi.防止, 警惕, 警卫

1 dune   

n.(由风吹积而成的)沙丘

参考例句：

• The sand massed to form a dune.沙积集起来成了沙丘。
• Cute Jim sat on the dune eating a prune in June.可爱的吉姆在六月天坐在沙丘上吃着话梅。

2 dunes   

沙丘( dune的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The boy galloped over the dunes barefoot. 那男孩光着脚在沙丘间飞跑。
• Dragging the fully laden boat across the sand dunes was no mean feat. 将满载货物的船拖过沙丘是一件了不起的事。

3 oak   

n.栎树，橡树，栎木，橡木

参考例句：

• The chair is of solid oak.这把椅子是纯橡木的。
• The carpenter will floor this room with oak.木匠将用橡木铺设这个房间的地板。

4 federal   

adj.联盟的；联邦的；(美国)联邦政府的

参考例句：

• Switzerland is a federal republic.瑞士是一个联邦共和国。
• The schools are screaming for federal aid.那些学校强烈要求联邦政府的援助。

5 agencies   

n.代理( agency的名词复数 )；服务机构；（政府的）专门机构；代理（或经销）业务（或关系）

参考例句：

• There are many specialized agencies in the United Nations. 联合国有许多专门机构。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The project is funded by the World Bank and other multilateral agencies. 这项计划由世界银行和其他多国机构资助。 来自《简明英汉词典》

6 geological   

adj.地质（学）的

参考例句：

• aeons of geological history 数以亿万年计的地质史
• The workers skirted the edge of the cliff on a geological survey. 工人们沿着崖壁作了一次地质勘察。 来自《简明英汉词典》

7 mister   

n.(略作Mr.全称很少用于书面)先生

参考例句：

• Mister Smith is my good friend.史密斯先生是我的好朋友。
• He styled himself " Mister Clean ".他自称是“清廉先生”。

8 Congress   

n.(代表)大会；(C-:美国等国的)国会，议会

参考例句：

• There were some days to wait before the Congress.大会的召开还有几天时间。
• After 18 years in Congress,he intented to return to private life.在国会供职18年后，他打算告老还乡。

9 activist   

n.活动分子，积极分子

参考例句：

• He's been a trade union activist for many years.多年来他一直是工会的积极分子。
• He is a social activist in our factory.他是我厂的社会活动积极分子。

10 council   

n.理事会，委员会，议事机构

参考例句：

• The town council passed a law forbidding the distribution of handbills.市议会通过法律，禁止散发传单。
• The city council has declared for improving the public bus system.市议会宣布同意改进公共汽车系统。

11 proposed   

被提议的

参考例句：

• There is widespread discontent among the staff at the proposed changes to pay and conditions. 员工对改变工资和工作环境的建议普遍不满。
• an outcry over the proposed change 对拟议的改革所发出的强烈抗议

12 senator   

n.参议员，评议员

参考例句：

• The senator urged against the adoption of the measure.那参议员极力反对采取这项措施。
• The senator's speech hit at government spending.参议员的讲话批评了政府的开支。

13 forts   

fortsaettelse (Dano-Norwegian=continuation or sequel) （丹麦-挪威语）继续或结局

参考例句：

• A line of forts was built along the border to protect the country against attack. 在边界沿线修筑了堡垒以保护国家免受攻击。
• Forts and churches almost always go together, and yet they're downright contradictions. 有要塞的地方，就一定有教堂，然而，这两者显然是水火不相容的。

14 decided   

adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的

参考例句：

• This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
• There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。

15 glacier   

n.冰川，冰河

参考例句：

• The glacier calved a large iceberg.冰河崩解而形成一个大冰山。
• The upper surface of glacier is riven by crevasses.冰川的上表面已裂成冰隙。

16 crushed   

a.压碎的，倒碎的

参考例句：

• The car was completely crushed under the truck. 小轿车被卡车压得完全变形了。
• The box was crushed when the car ran over it. 汽车辗过箱子时把它给压碎了。

17 version   

n.版本；型号；叙述，说法

参考例句：

• His version of the events is pure supposition.他对这件事的说法纯属猜测。
• What is your version of this matter?你对这件事情的看法 怎么样？

18 destructive   

adj.破坏（性）的，毁灭（性）的

参考例句：

• In the end,it will be destructive of our whole society.它最终会毁灭我们整个社会。
• It is the most destructive storm in 20 years.这是20年来破坏性最大的一次风暴。

19 mount   

n.山峰，乘用马，框，衬纸；vi.增长，骑上（马）；vt.提升，爬上，装备

参考例句：

• Their debts continued to mount up.他们的债务不断增加。
• She is the first woman who steps on the top of Mount Jolmo Lungma.她是第一个登上珠穆朗玛峰的女人。

20 footsteps   

n.脚步（声），一步的距离，足迹；脚步（声）( footstep的名词复数 )；一步的距离；足迹

参考例句：

• the sound of footsteps on the stairs 楼梯上的脚步声
• Their footsteps echoed in the silence. 他们的脚步声在一片寂静中回荡着。