ＶＯＡ标准英语２０１３－－Protecting against Cervical Cancer

Protecting against Cervical Cancer

A new immunization campaign gets underway soon to protect 180,000 girls in developing countries from cervical cancer. The GAVI Alliance made the announcement Monday, World Cancer Day (2/4).

Most cervical cancer is caused by certain types of the human papillomavirus, or HPV. It’s transmitted through sex.

Dr. Seth Berkley says it takes an enormous toll¹.

“A woman dies every two minutes from cervical cancer. This kills more women than childbirth. The estimated number now is 275,000 women dying of this cancer each year – 85 percent in the developing world. This is a cancer that’s growing. So without an intervention² the estimate was that there would be by 2030 430,000 deaths a year,” he said.

The GAVI Alliance CEO dispelled³ some myths about cancer.

“One of the interesting things, of course, is that cancers are considered to be non-communicable diseases and of course this is a misnomer⁴. Although cancer is a disease that certainly sometimes is caused by genetic⁵ and other abnormalities, a larger percentage of the cancers actually are infectious. The other thing is that we think of cancer as being a disease of the developed world when in fact, of course, there’s an enormous amount of cancer in the developing world,” he said.

Many other vaccines⁷ are given to babies or very young children. The HPV vaccine⁶ is given to girls between the ages of nine and 13. It’s only effective before someone is infected with the virus.

If infection does occur, the virus may cause microscopic⁸ changes at the cellular⁹ level. A Pap test or Pap smear¹⁰ can detect those changes. However, the test, which examines a sample of cells from the cervix, may not be available to many women in developing countries.

“Eventually, then, a cancer begins to grow and that cancer will metastasize. And when the cancer’s growing you begin to have symptoms like bleeding. And eventually, when it metastasizes, you have pain because you begin to affect other organs. By the time you have common symptoms it is usually already spread and is hard to deal with in a surgical¹¹ fashion,” he said.

The alliance has chosen eight developing countries to begin administering the HPV vaccine: Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Niger, Sierra Leone and Tanzania in sub-Saharan Africa and Laos in Asia.

“In this first round of support 180,000 girls will be vaccinated¹³. First countries will be Kenya, Ghana and Sierra Leone. Not sure which one will start first, depending upon preparations. Tanzania’s going to be next year in 2014,” he said.

The vaccine will be administered as part of school programs. But Berkley said that efforts must be made to reach those girls not attending school.

“By 2015 we plan to support more than 20 countries to vaccinate¹² approximately one million girls with HPV vaccines through these pilots. And then by 2020 we’re talking about 30 million girls in over 40 countries with GAVI’s support,” he said.

The GAVI Alliance is a public-private partnership¹⁴ specializing in greater access to immunization in developing countries. Negotiations¹⁵ are currently underway with pharmaceutical¹⁶ companies on the cost per dose for the HPV vaccine.

1 toll   

n.过路(桥)费；损失，伤亡人数；v.敲(钟)

参考例句：

• The hailstone took a heavy toll of the crops in our village last night.昨晚那场冰雹损坏了我们村的庄稼。
• The war took a heavy toll of human life.这次战争夺去了许多人的生命。

2 intervention   

n.介入，干涉，干预

参考例句：

• The government's intervention in this dispute will not help.政府对这场争论的干预不会起作用。
• Many people felt he would be hostile to the idea of foreign intervention.许多人觉得他会反对外来干预。

3 dispelled   

v.驱散，赶跑( dispel的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• His speech dispelled any fears about his health. 他的发言消除了人们对他身体健康的担心。
• The sun soon dispelled the thick fog. 太阳很快驱散了浓雾。 来自《简明英汉词典》

4 misnomer   

n.误称

参考例句：

• Herbal"tea"is something of a misnomer because these drinks contain no tea at all.花草“茶”是一个误称，因为这类饮料里面根本不含茶。
• Actually," Underground "is a misnomer,because more than half the shops are above ground.实际上，“ 地下 ” 这个名称用之不当，因为半数以上的店铺是在地面上的。

5 genetic   

adj.遗传的，遗传学的

参考例句：

• It's very difficult to treat genetic diseases.遗传性疾病治疗起来很困难。
• Each daughter cell can receive a full complement of the genetic information.每个子细胞可以收到遗传信息的一个完全补偿物。

6 vaccine   

n.牛痘苗，疫苗；adj.牛痘的，疫苗的

参考例句：

• The polio vaccine has saved millions of lives.脊髓灰质炎疫苗挽救了数以百万计的生命。
• She takes a vaccine against influenza every fall.她每年秋季接种流感疫苗。

7 vaccines   

疫苗，痘苗( vaccine的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• His team are at the forefront of scientific research into vaccines. 他的小组处于疫苗科研的最前沿。
• The vaccines were kept cool in refrigerators. 疫苗放在冰箱中冷藏。

8 microscopic   

adj.微小的，细微的，极小的，显微的

参考例句：

• It's impossible to read his microscopic handwriting.不可能看清他那极小的书写字迹。
• A plant's lungs are the microscopic pores in its leaves.植物的肺就是其叶片上微细的气孔。

9 cellular   

adj.移动的；细胞的，由细胞组成的

参考例句：

• She has a cellular telephone in her car.她的汽车里有一部无线通讯电话机。
• Many people use cellular materials as sensitive elements in hygrometers.很多人用蜂窝状的材料作为测量温度的传感元件。

10 smear   

v.涂抹；诽谤，玷污；n.污点；诽谤，污蔑

参考例句：

• He has been spreading false stories in an attempt to smear us.他一直在散布谎言企图诽谤我们。
• There's a smear on your shirt.你衬衫上有个污点。

11 surgical   

adj.外科的，外科医生的，手术上的

参考例句：

• He performs the surgical operations at the Red Cross Hospital.他在红十字会医院做外科手术。
• All surgical instruments must be sterilised before use.所有的外科手术器械在使用之前，必须消毒。

12 vaccinate   

vt.给…接种疫苗；种牛痘

参考例句：

• Local health officials then can plan the best times to vaccinate people.这样，当地的卫生官员就可以安排最佳时间给人们接种疫苗。
• Doctors vaccinate us so that we do not catch smallpox.医生给我们打预防针使我们不会得天花。

13 vaccinated   

[医]已接种的，种痘的，接种过疫菌的

参考例句：

• I was vaccinated against tetanus. 我接种了破伤风疫苗。
• Were you vaccinated against smallpox as a child? 你小时候打过天花疫苗吗？

14 partnership   

n.合作关系，伙伴关系

参考例句：

• The company has gone into partnership with Swiss Bank Corporation.这家公司已经和瑞士银行公司建立合作关系。
• Martin has taken him into general partnership in his company.马丁已让他成为公司的普通合伙人。

15 negotiations   

协商( negotiation的名词复数 )； 谈判； 完成（难事）； 通过

参考例句：

• negotiations for a durable peace 为持久和平而进行的谈判
• Negotiations have failed to establish any middle ground. 谈判未能达成任何妥协。

16 pharmaceutical   

adj.药学的，药物的；药用的，药剂师的

参考例句：

• She has donated money to establish a pharmaceutical laboratory.她捐款成立了一个药剂实验室。
• We are engaged in a legal tussle with a large pharmaceutical company.我们正同一家大制药公司闹法律纠纷。