Genetically modified cows

 Jen: Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Jen and with me today is Neil. 

Neil: Hello there. 

Jen: Today’s story is all about allergies¹. If you have an allergy² to something, your body reacts to it in a negative way. Do you have any allergies, Neil? 

Neil: I get hay fever in the summer; that happens when you have an allergy to pollen³ from plants or trees. 

Jen: And what happens when you get hay fever? 

Neil: It’s horrible. I start sneezing, and my eyes become red and itchy, my nose runs and I sometimes get a real headache. 

Jen: That doesn’t sound very pleasant. Well, on today’s programme we’re going to be taking a look at how genetically⁵ modified food might be able to help people with allergies. 

Neil: That’s quite a complicated topic! 

Jen: It is, but I’m going to ease you in gently with a quiz question first, to get you thinking! In what year was the first genetically modified food sold on the market. Was it? 

a) 1984 

b) 1994 

c) 2004 

Neil: Well, as usual, I have no idea, so this is a guess, but I’ll say… 1984. 

Jen: We’ll find out if you’re right at the end of the programme, but let’s get back to our story about allergies. 

Neil: Some allergies, like hay fever, can be described as mild. That means that you might experience some unpleasant symptoms like itchy eyes, sneezing or a rash. 

Jen: Others, though, can be more severe, and can cause problems with breathing, or even death. 

Neil: Many people are allergic⁶ to a particular type of food, such as nuts or eggs, for example.

Jen: Very true, but did you know that cow’s milk can also cause problems? 

Listen to the first part of this report from BBC correspondent James Gallagher. How does cow’s milk affect some babies? 

BBC correspondent James Gallagher: 

Allergic reactions to cow’s milk are common in babies. Up to three percent treat it as dangerous with their immune systems launching an attack on proteins found in cow's milk, but never in their mother's breast milk. 

Jen: Your body is protected by your immune system. That’s a series of cells 

and tissues which stop you from catching⁷ diseases or infections. 

Neil: These cells attack anything which they think is harming, or damaging the 

body. 

Jen: It’s quite common for babies to have allergic reactions to cow’s milk, so 

their bodies are attacking it. 

Neil: However, as we heard in the report, the babies’ bodies never attack breast milk. 

Jen: So, there must be something in the cow’s milk that babies’ bodies don’t like. Listen to the second part of the report: what have scientists done to cow’s milk? 

BBC correspondent James Gallagher: 

Now researchers in New Zealand have cut out one of the main culprits - the protein beta-lactoglobulin. They added new genetic⁴ material to disrupt its manufacturing process in a technique called RNA interference. 

Jen: Scientists identified a protein in cow’s milk which causes allergic reactions. 

Neil: In the report, this was called the culprit. The word culprit is often used to describe the bad guy in a book or film - here, it’s used to describe the dangerous protein. 

Jen: The scientists have introduced a new genetic material to the cows to stop this protein being made. 

Neil: If you like, the cows have been genetically modified. 

Jen: Their genes⁹ have been altered, or changed, so they don’t produce the harmful protein in their milk. 

Neil: It sounds pretty complicated, but if there is no harmful protein in the milk, then babies shouldn’t have an allergic reaction. Now that’s good, isn’t it? 

Jen: Well, not everyone thinks it’s a good thing. Here’s James Gallagher again: 

BBC correspondent James Gallagher: 

A study published in Proceedings¹⁰ of the National Academy of Sciences showed the GM cow did not produce the protein in its milk. Other scientists said it was a spectacular 

study, while campaign groups have questioned the ethics¹¹ of genetically modifying farm animals. 

Neil: So, some people think this scientific study is spectacular - in other words, they think it’s amazing. 

Jen: Very true, but we also heard in the report that some campaign groups think that it’s unethical to genetically modify animals. 

Neil: They think it’s morally wrong to interfere⁸ with, or change, nature. 

Jen: Some people also worry about what effects genetic modification¹² of animals could have on our health. 

Neil: That’s true, I suppose there could be side effects that people don’t yet know about. 

Jen: On the other hand, some people argue that genetic modification could be used to produce super crops, and maybe, one day, help to stop world hunger. 

Neil: Who knows what type of foods will be available in the future? 

Jen: We’ll have to wait to find out, but I can tell you about the first genetically modified food which became available, but first, I asked you when it came onto the market for the very first time. Was it: 

a) 1984 

b) 1994 

c) 2004 

Neil: And I said 1984. 

Jen: Well, you were wrong! It was actually 1994. And it was a tomato. It was genetically modified so that it would stay green for longer after it was harvested. 

Neil: So it had a longer shelf life. 

Jen: Exactly! We’re coming to the end of the programme now, so there’s just time to go over some of the vocabulary we’ve heard today. 

Neil: The words and phrases were: 

Allergy 

Mild 

Immune system 

Culprits 

Genetically modified 

Spectacular 

Unethical 

Jen: Bye for now! 

Neil: Goodbye! 

Vocabulary and definitions allergy a condition in which the body has an adverse reaction to something 

mild not severe 

immune system cells and tissues which fight disease and infection 

culprits people or things who cause trouble or commit crime 

genetically modified having had its genes changed to enhance better qualities 

spectacular amazing 

unethical morally wrong 

side effects additional consequences to those expected 

1 allergies   

n.[医]过敏症；[口]厌恶，反感；（对食物、花粉、虫咬等的）过敏症( allergy的名词复数 )；变态反应，变应性

参考例句：

• Food allergies can result in an enormous variety of different symptoms. 食物过敏会引发很多不同的症状。 来自辞典例句
• Let us, however, examine one of the most common allergies; hayfever. 现在让我们来看看最常见的变态反应的一种--枯草热。 来自辞典例句

2 allergy   

n.(因食物、药物等而引起的)过敏症

参考例句：

• He developed an allergy to pollen.他对花粉过敏。
• The patient had an allergy to penicillin.该患者对青霉素过敏。

3 pollen   

n.[植]花粉

参考例句：

• Hummingbirds have discovered that nectar and pollen are very nutritious.蜂鸟发现花蜜和花粉是很有营养的。
• He developed an allergy to pollen.他对花粉过敏。

4 genetic   

adj.遗传的，遗传学的

参考例句：

• It's very difficult to treat genetic diseases.遗传性疾病治疗起来很困难。
• Each daughter cell can receive a full complement of the genetic information.每个子细胞可以收到遗传信息的一个完全补偿物。

5 genetically   

adv.遗传上

参考例句：

• All the bees in the colony are genetically related. 同一群体的蜜蜂都有亲缘关系。
• Genetically modified foods have already arrived on American dinner tables. 经基因改造加工过的食物已端上了美国人的餐桌。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 基因与食物

6 allergic   

adj.过敏的，变态的

参考例句：

• Alice is allergic to the fur of cats.艾丽斯对猫的皮毛过敏。
• Many people are allergic to airborne pollutants such as pollen.许多人对空气传播的污染物过敏，比如花粉。

7 catching   

adj.易传染的，有魅力的，迷人的，接住

参考例句：

• There are those who think eczema is catching.有人就是认为湿疹会传染。
• Enthusiasm is very catching.热情非常富有感染力。

8 interfere   

v.(in)干涉，干预；(with)妨碍，打扰

参考例句：

• If we interfere, it may do more harm than good.如果我们干预的话，可能弊多利少。
• When others interfere in the affair,it always makes troubles. 别人一卷入这一事件，棘手的事情就来了。

9 genes   

n.基因( gene的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• You have good genes from your parents, so you should live a long time. 你从父母那儿获得优良的基因，所以能够活得很长。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Differences will help to reveal the functions of the genes. 它们间的差异将会帮助我们揭开基因多种功能。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 生物技术的世纪

10 proceedings   

n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报

参考例句：

• He was released on bail pending committal proceedings. 他交保获释正在候审。
• to initiate legal proceedings against sb 对某人提起诉讼

11 ethics   

n.伦理学；伦理观，道德标准

参考例句：

• The ethics of his profession don't permit him to do that.他的职业道德不允许他那样做。
• Personal ethics and professional ethics sometimes conflict.个人道德和职业道德有时会相互抵触。

12 modification   

n.修改，改进，缓和，减轻

参考例句：

• The law,in its present form,is unjust;it needs modification.现行的法律是不公正的，它需要修改。
• The design requires considerable modification.这个设计需要作大的修改。