特朗普崛起背后 该怎么理解白人民族主义

 　　A question has been posed in a puzzled whisper in many of the nation’s living rooms and newsrooms ever since Donald Trump¹’s triumph in this month’s presidential election: What, exactly, is white nationalism?

　　自唐纳德?特朗普(Donald Trump)在本月的大选中获胜以来，在美国不少家庭和编辑部里都有人困惑地低声念叨一个问题：白人民族主义到底是什么？

　　Self-proclaimed white nationalists have happily embraced Trump’s victory and, particularly, his choice of Stephen K.

　　自称白人民族主义者的人开心地把特朗普的胜利，尤其是他选择史蒂芬?K?班农(Stephen K.

　　Bannon as chief strategist, as a win for their agenda.

　　Bannon)担任首席策略师的做法当成是他们议程的胜利。

　　A barrage² of groups that fight discrimination and hate speech have, in turn, criticized Bannon’s appointment, warning that his embrace of the alt-right movement was little more than an attempt to rebrand racism³ and white nationalism into something palatable⁴ enough for mass consumption.

　　反过来，大量反对歧视和仇恨言论的团体指责任命班农的决定，警告称他对另类右翼(alt-right)运动的大力支持无异于试图把种族主义和白人民族主义重新塑造成能够让人接受，可供大众消费的概念。

　　And much of the rest of the country has been left to wonder what this unfamiliar⁵ term actually means.

　　这些人以外的美国民众则感到莫名其妙，不知道这个少见的说法到底是什么意思。

　　While white nationalism certainly overlaps⁶ with white supremacy⁷ and racism, many political scientists say it is a distinct phenomenon — one that was a powerful but often-unseen force during the presidential election and will most likely remain a potent⁸ factor in US and European politics in coming years.

　　白人民族主义当然与白人至上和种族主义存在共同之处，尽管如此，很多政治学家称它是一种不同的现象——在大选期间是一股强大但常常无形的力量，未来很多年里极有可能仍是美国和欧洲政治中的一个强效因素。

　　Eric Kaufmann, a professor of politics at Birkbeck University in London, has spent years studying the ways that ethnicity intersects with politics.

　　伦敦大学伯克贝克学院的政治学教授埃里克?考夫曼(Eric Kaufmann)潜心数年，研究族群渊源与政治的相互影响。

　　While most researchers in that field focus on ethnic⁹ minorities, Kaufmann does the opposite: He studies the behavior of ethnic majorities, particularly whites in the United States and Britain.

　　尽管这一领域的大部分研究者都把重点放在了少数族群上，但考夫曼却反其道而行之：他研究的是多数族群的行为，特别是美国和英国的白人。

　　White nationalism, he said, is the belief that national identity should be built around white ethnicity, and that white people should therefore maintain both a demographic majority and dominance of the nation’s culture and public life.

　　他说，白人民族主义是一种信念，认为应该围绕白色人种建立国民身份，因而白人应该保持在人口中的多数地位，以及在国家文化和公共生活中的主导地位。

　　So, like white supremacy, white nationalism places the interests of white people over those of other racial groups.

　　因此，和白人至上一样，白人民族主义把白人的利益放在了其他种族的利益前面。

　　White supremacists and white nationalists both believe that racial discrimination should be incorporated into law and policy.

　　白人至上主义者和白人民族主义者都认为，种族歧视应该被纳入法律和政策中。

　　Some will see the distinction between white nationalism and white supremacy as a semantic sleight¹⁰ of hand.

　　一些人会认为白人民族主义和白人至上之间的差别只是词语上的障眼法。很多白人至上主义者也是白人民族主义者，反之亦然。

　　But although many white supremacists are also white nationalists, and vice¹¹ versa, Kaufmann says the terms are not synonyms¹²: White supremacy is based on a racist¹³ belief that white people are innately¹⁴ superior to people of other races; white nationalism is about maintaining political and economic dominance, not just a numerical majority or cultural hegemony.

　　尽管如此，考夫曼说这两个词并非同义词：白人至上是建立在白人天生比其他种族优秀的种族主义信念上；白人民族主义说的是保持在政治和经济领域的主导地位，不仅仅是人数上的优势或文化霸权。

　　For a long time, he said, white nationalism was less an ideology¹⁵ than the default presumption¹⁶ of American life.

　　他说，在很长一段时间里，白人民族主义与其说是一种思想，不如说是对美国生活的默认设想。

　　Until quite recently, white Americans could easily see the nation as essentially¹⁷ an extension of their own ethnic group.

　　直到最近，美国的白人还很容易认为这个国家本质上是他们的族群的延伸。

　　But the country’s changing demographics, the civil rights movement and a push for multiculturalism¹⁸ in many quarters mean that white Americans are now confronting the prospect¹⁹ of a nation that is no longer built solely²⁰ around their own identity.

　　但美国不断变化的人口组成、民权运动以及很多方面对多元文化主义的推动，意味着美国的白人现在面临的情况是美国不再是一个完全只围绕他们自己的身份认同构建的国家。

　　For many white people, of course, the growing diversity is something to celebrate.

　　当然，对很多白人来说，日渐丰富的多样性值得庆祝。

　　But for others it is a source of stress.

　　但对其他人来说，这是压力的源头。

　　The white nationalist movement has drawn²¹ support from that latter group.

　　白人民族主义运动得到了后者的支持。

　　Its supporters argue that the United States should protect its white majority by sharply limiting immigration and perhaps even by compelling nonwhite citizens to leave.

　　该运动的支持者辩称，美国应该通过严格限制移民，甚或通过强迫非白人公民离开美国来保护占人口多数的白人。

　　Trump’s appointment of Bannon as his senior counselor²² and chief West Wing strategist has, more than anything, brought white nationalism to the forefront of conversation.

　　特朗普任命班农担任自己的高级顾问和西配楼首席策略师的做法尤其把白人民族主义者推上了风口浪尖。

　　He is the former editor of Breitbart News, a site he described in August to Mother Jones as the platform of the alt-right.

　　班农曾是布莱巴特新闻(Breitbart News)的主编，并曾在8月对《琼斯母亲》(Mother Jones)称该网站是‘另类右翼’的平台。

　　Although the alt-right is ideologically²³ broader than white nationalism — it also includes neoreactionaries, monarchists and meme-loving internet trolls — white nationalism makes up a significant part of its appeal.

　　尽管另类右翼在意识形态方面比白人民族主义更广泛——它还包括新反动派、君主主义者和钟爱米姆的网络挑衅者——但白人民族主义构成了其吸引力中重要的组成部分。

　　For instance, Richard Spencer, who runs the website AlternativeRight.com, is also the director of the National Policy Institute, an organization that says it is devoted²⁴ to protecting the heritage, identity, and future of people of European descent in the United States, and around the world.

　　比如，理查德?斯潘塞(Richard Spencer)既是网站AlternativeRight.com的负责人，也是全国政策研究所(National Policy Institute)的所长。该机构自称致力于保护美国和全世界有欧洲血统者的文化遗产、身份认同和未来。

　　Spencer argues that immigration and multiculturalism are threats to America’s white population and has said his ideal is a white ethno-state.

　　斯潘塞称移民和多元文化主义是对美国白人的威胁，并表示他的理想是建立一个白人种族国家。

　　He has avoided discussing the details of how this might be achieved, saying it is still just a dream, but has called for peaceful ethnic cleansing²⁵ to remove nonwhite people from US soil.

　　他避免讨论如何实现这一点的细节，称那仍然只是一个梦想，但他呼吁进行和平的种族清洗，以将非白人赶出美国的领土。

　　Bannon, the Trump adviser²⁶, told The Times upon his appointment that he does not share those ethno-nationalist views.

　　身为特朗普的顾问，班农在就自己的任命接受时报采访时表示，他不赞成那些种族民族主义观点。

　　But under his leadership, Breitbart News has gone to considerable lengths to cater²⁷ to an audience that does.

　　但在他的领导下，布莱巴特新闻不遗余力地迎合认同相关观点的读者。

　　And in a 2015 radio interview that was resurfaced last week by The Washington Post, Bannon opposed even highly skilled immigration, implying he believed it was a threat to American culture.

　　在2015年的一次电台采访中，班农甚至反对技术移民，暗示他们是对美国文化的威胁。上周，《华盛顿邮报》(The Washington Post)让那次采访再次浮出水面。

　　When two-thirds or three-quarters of the CEOs in Silicon²⁸ Valley are from South Asia or from Asia, I think ...

　　当硅谷三分之二或四分之三的首席执行官都来自南亚或亚洲时，我觉得……

　　he said, trailing off midsentence before continuing a moment later, a country is more than an economy.

　　说到一半时他的声音逐渐降低，过了一会儿才接着说，一个国家不只有经济。

　　We’re a civic²⁹ society.

　　我们是一个公民社会。

　　White nationalists, including Spencer, have rejoiced at Bannon’s appointment to such a senior position in the Trump White House.

　　包括斯潘塞在内的民族主义者，对班农在特朗普领导的白宫被委以如此重任高兴不已。

　　But focusing on high-profile figures like Bannon may obscure the more significant way that white nationalist ideas are affecting politics — and fueling the rise of politicians like Trump in the United States as well as anti-immigrant populist movements in Britain and continental³⁰ Europe.

　　但把注意力放在像班农这样的重要人物身上，可能会掩盖白人民族主义思想影响政治——并助长像特朗普这样的政治人物在美国的崛起，以及英国和欧洲大陆反移民民粹主义运动的方式，后者更重要。

　　Kaufmann argues that anxiety over white identity and anti-immigrant populist politicians can have a symbiotic³¹ relationship, each strengthening the other.

　　考夫曼称，白人身份认同引发的焦虑和反移民民粹主义政治人物之间可能存在一种相互增强的共生关系。

　　When populist politicians gain mainstream³² success, that can make white nationalist ideas more socially acceptable.

　　当民粹主义政治人物获得主流的成功时，这可能会让白人民族主义思想变得更容易被社会接受。

　　It’s not just a question of ethnic change and people being alarmed over it, he said.

　　不仅仅是一个族群变化和人们对它感到担忧的问题，他说。

　　It’s also a question of what people see as the boundaries of acceptable opposition³³.

　　也是一个人们认为可接受的反方界限是什么的问题。

　　It’s about what counts as racism, and whether it’s racist to vote for a far-right party.

　　它关乎什么可以被当做种族主义，以及投票支持极右翼政党的行为是不是种族主义。

　　This is all about the anti-racist norm, Kaufmann continued.

　　这一切都和反种族主义准则有关，考夫曼接着说。

　　If it’s weakening or eroding³⁴ because people think the boundaries have shifted.

　　如果它正在衰退或是减弱，那是因为人们认为界限变了。

1 trump   

n.王牌，法宝；v.打出王牌，吹喇叭

参考例句：

• He was never able to trump up the courage to have a showdown.他始终鼓不起勇气摊牌。
• The coach saved his star player for a trump card.教练保留他的明星选手，作为他的王牌。

2 barrage   

n.火力网，弹幕

参考例句：

• The attack jumped off under cover of a barrage.进攻在炮火的掩护下开始了。
• The fierce artillery barrage destroyed the most part of the city in a few minutes.猛烈的炮火几分钟内便毁灭了这座城市的大部分地区。

3 racism   

n.民族主义；种族歧视(意识)

参考例句：

• He said that racism is endemic in this country.他说种族主义在该国很普遍。
• Racism causes political instability and violence.种族主义道致政治动荡和暴力事件。

4 palatable   

adj.可口的，美味的；惬意的

参考例句：

• The truth is not always very palatable.事实真相并非尽如人意。
• This wine is palatable and not very expensive.这种酒味道不错，价钱也不算贵。

5 unfamiliar   

adj.陌生的，不熟悉的

参考例句：

• I am unfamiliar with the place and the people here.我在这儿人地生疏。
• The man seemed unfamiliar to me.这人很面生。

6 overlaps   

v.部分重叠( overlap的第三人称单数 )；（物体）部份重叠；交叠；（时间上）部份重叠

参考例句：

• The style in these two books largely overlaps. 这两本书的文体有许多处是一致的。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
• The new office overlaps the functions of the one already in existence. 新机构的职能与那个现存机构的职能部分重叠。 来自辞典例句

7 supremacy   

n.至上；至高权力

参考例句：

• No one could challenge her supremacy in gymnastics.她是最优秀的体操运动员，无人能胜过她。
• Theoretically,she holds supremacy as the head of the state.从理论上说，她作为国家的最高元首拥有至高无上的权力。

8 potent   

adj.强有力的，有权势的；有效力的

参考例句：

• The medicine had a potent effect on your disease.这药物对你的病疗效很大。
• We must account of his potent influence.我们必须考虑他的强有力的影响。

9 ethnic   

adj.人种的，种族的，异教徒的

参考例句：

• This music would sound more ethnic if you played it in steel drums.如果你用钢鼓演奏，这首乐曲将更具民族特色。
• The plan is likely only to aggravate ethnic frictions.这一方案很有可能只会加剧种族冲突。

10 sleight   

n.技巧，花招

参考例句：

• With a little statistical sleight of hand they could make things look all right.只要在统计上耍些小小的花招，他们就能瞒天过海。
• In the theater of the media there is an economic sleight of hand.传播媒介在经济上耍了一个大花招。

11 vice   

n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的

参考例句：

• He guarded himself against vice.他避免染上坏习惯。
• They are sunk in the depth of vice.他们堕入了罪恶的深渊。

12 synonyms   

同义词( synonym的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• If you want to grasp English, you must carefully discriminate synonyms. 如果你想掌握好英语，你必须仔细区分同义词。
• Study the idioms and synonyms l wrote down before your test. 学考试前我给你写的习惯用语和同义字。

13 racist   

n.种族主义者，种族主义分子

参考例句：

• a series of racist attacks 一连串的种族袭击行为
• His speech presented racist ideas under the guise of nationalism. 他的讲话以民族主义为幌子宣扬种族主义思想。

14 innately   

adv.天赋地；内在地，固有地

参考例句：

• Innately conservative, Confucius was fascinated by the last of these disciplines. 由于生性保守，孔子特别推崇“礼”。 来自英汉非文学 - 文明史
• Different individuals are innately fitted for different kinds of employment. 不同的人适合不同的职业，这是天生的。 来自互联网

15 ideology   

n.意识形态，(政治或社会的)思想意识

参考例句：

• The ideology has great influence in the world.这种思想体系在世界上有很大的影响。
• The ideal is to strike a medium between ideology and inspiration.我的理想是在意识思想和灵感鼓动之间找到一个折衷。

16 presumption   

n.推测，可能性，冒昧，放肆，[法律]推定

参考例句：

• Please pardon my presumption in writing to you.请原谅我很冒昧地写信给你。
• I don't think that's a false presumption.我认为那并不是错误的推测。

17 essentially   

adv.本质上，实质上，基本上

参考例句：

• Really great men are essentially modest.真正的伟人大都很谦虚。
• She is an essentially selfish person.她本质上是个自私自利的人。

18 multiculturalism   

n.多元文化

参考例句：

• Switzerland is well known for cheese fondue, penguin parades and its multiculturalism. 瑞士一向以芝士火锅，企鹅游行和多元文化等特色闻名于世。
• That may be one reason why multiculturalism came easily to it. 这也是多元文化容易适应发展的原因之一。

19 prospect   

n.前景，前途；景色，视野

参考例句：

• This state of things holds out a cheerful prospect.事态呈现出可喜的前景。
• The prospect became more evident.前景变得更加明朗了。

20 solely   

adv.仅仅，唯一地

参考例句：

• Success should not be measured solely by educational achievement.成功与否不应只用学业成绩来衡量。
• The town depends almost solely on the tourist trade.这座城市几乎完全靠旅游业维持。

21 drawn   

v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的

参考例句：

• All the characters in the story are drawn from life.故事中的所有人物都取材于生活。
• Her gaze was drawn irresistibly to the scene outside.她的目光禁不住被外面的风景所吸引。

22 counselor   

n.顾问，法律顾问

参考例句：

• The counselor gave us some disinterested advice.顾问给了我们一些无私的忠告。
• Chinese commercial counselor's office in foreign countries.中国驻国外商务参赞处。

23 ideologically   

adv. 意识形态上地，思想上地

参考例句：

• Ideologically, they have many differences. 在思想意识上，他们之间有许多不同之处。
• He has slipped back ideologically. 他思想退步了。

24 devoted   

adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的

参考例句：

• He devoted his life to the educational cause of the motherland.他为祖国的教育事业贡献了一生。
• We devoted a lengthy and full discussion to this topic.我们对这个题目进行了长时间的充分讨论。

25 cleansing   

n. 净化(垃圾) adj. 清洁用的 动词cleanse的现在分词

参考例句：

• medicated cleansing pads for sensitive skin 敏感皮肤药物清洗棉
• Soap is not the only cleansing agent. 肥皂并不是唯一的清洁剂。

26 adviser   

n.劝告者，顾问

参考例句：

• They employed me as an adviser.他们聘请我当顾问。
• Our department has engaged a foreign teacher as phonetic adviser.我们系已经聘请了一位外籍老师作为语音顾问。

27 cater   

vi.(for/to)满足，迎合；(for)提供饮食及服务

参考例句：

• I expect he will be able to cater for your particular needs.我预计他能满足你的特殊需要。
• Most schools cater for children of different abilities.大多数学校能够满足具有不同天资的儿童的需要。

28 silicon   

n.硅(旧名矽)

参考例句：

• This company pioneered the use of silicon chip.这家公司开创了使用硅片的方法。
• A chip is a piece of silicon about the size of a postage stamp.芯片就是一枚邮票大小的硅片。

29 civic   

adj.城市的，都市的，市民的，公民的

参考例句：

• I feel it is my civic duty to vote.我认为投票选举是我作为公民的义务。
• The civic leaders helped to forward the project.市政府领导者协助促进工程的进展。

30 continental   

adj.大陆的，大陆性的，欧洲大陆的

参考例句：

• A continental climate is different from an insular one.大陆性气候不同于岛屿气候。
• The most ancient parts of the continental crust are 4000 million years old.大陆地壳最古老的部分有40亿年历史。

31 symbiotic   

adj.共栖的，共生的

参考例句：

• Racing has always had a symbiotic relationship with betting.赛马总是与赌博相挂钩。
• Engineering completely new symbiotic relationship is obviously not an imminent possibility.筹划完全新的共生关系显然是可能性不大。

32 mainstream   

n.（思想或行为的）主流；adj.主流的

参考例句：

• Their views lie outside the mainstream of current medical opinion.他们的观点不属于当今医学界观点的主流。
• Polls are still largely reflects the mainstream sentiment.民调还在很大程度上反映了社会主流情绪。

33 opposition   

n.反对，敌对

参考例句：

• The party leader is facing opposition in his own backyard.该党领袖在自己的党內遇到了反对。
• The police tried to break down the prisoner's opposition.警察设法制住了那个囚犯的反抗。

34 eroding   

侵蚀，腐蚀( erode的现在分词 )； 逐渐毁坏，削弱，损害

参考例句：

• The coast is slowly eroding. 海岸正慢慢地被侵蚀。
• Another new development is eroding the age-old stereotype of the male warrior. 另一个新现象是，久已形成的男人皆武士的形象正逐渐消失。