2019年经济学人 鸡肉经济:鸡肉为何如此受欢迎(4)

鸡肉经济:鸡肉为何如此受欢迎(4)

作者：未知 来源：译生译世 2019-01-30

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Concerns about the health of livestock¹ have also led the EU to pass some of the world’s strictest animal-welfare laws. Battery cages for egg-laying hens were banned in 2012, for instance. Legislative² reforms have been harder to come by in America, especially at the federal level. Animal-welfare advocates lament³ the country’s congressional system, which gives disproportionate clout⁴ to rural states. Nevertheless, a rare but significant state-level change came last November when Californians voted to pass Proposition 12, which will ban the production and sale of pork, veal⁵ and eggs from animals kept in cages, bringing the state’s laws roughly in line with those in the EU. The change affects all meat producers who want to sell in America’s biggest state, putting pressure on them to change their farming practices. Public companies have been more responsive than lawmakers to animal-welfare concerns. Activists⁶ have achieved remarkable⁷ success in recent years by threatening companies with the release of unflattering images and videos of how their food is produced. Research by the Open Philanthropy Project, a group which funds animal-welfare activists, finds that such campaigns have prompted more than 200 American companies—including Mc- Donald’s, Burger King and Walmart—to stop buying eggs from chicken raised in battery cages since 2015. Farmers are therefore increasingly interested in improving the lives of their birds. Richard Swartzentruber owns two chicken sheds in Greenwood, a small town in Delaware. The company he supplies, Perdue Farms, has stopped using antibiotics⁸ altogether. Mr Swartzentruber’s chicken sheds have plenty of windows and doors that open onto a fenced grassy⁹ field whenever the weather permits. This comes with trade-offs: chickens might like perching on trees, but so do hawks¹⁰. Inside the sheds, bales of hay, wooden boxes and plastic platforms are scattered¹¹ around to entertain his chickens. Such measures have helped him gain a good-farming certificate from the Global Animal Partnership¹², a charity. Bruce Stewart-Brown, a food-safety scientist at Perdue Farms, says that his company would love to raise more organic chickens. His ability to provide higherwelfare organic meat is ultimately constrained¹³ by market forces, since the feed legally required is pricey. Although larger numbers of people might be willing to pay more for organic or free-range products, most still prefer whatever is cheapest. And, despite growing interest in vegetarianism¹⁴ and veganism, surveys find little evidence that many people in the rich world are turning into herbivores. People may like flirting¹⁵ with plant-based diets. But what they really love is chicken.

欧盟担忧牲畜健康,这促使其通过了世界上最严格的动物福利法。例如，2012年禁止对蛋鸡使用多层鸡笼。在美国，尤其是在联邦一级，立法改革已经变得更加困难。动物福利倡导者哀叹美国的国会制度给了农村各州不成比例的权力。然而，去年11月加州通过了第12号提案，这是一个罕见但意义重大的州级改革。该法案将禁止从圈养动物生产和销售猪肉、小牛肉和鸡蛋，使得该州法律与欧盟法律大致一致。这一变化影响到所有想在美国最大州销售的肉类生产商，迫使他们改变养殖方式。与立法者相比，上市公司对动物福利问题的反应更为积极。近年来，维权人士通过发布食品生产过程中的不雅图片和视频威胁企业，取得了显著的成功。为动物福利活动人士提供资金的组织“开放慈善项目”的研究发现，自2015年以来，此类活动已促使包括麦当劳、汉堡王和沃尔玛在内的200多家美国公司停止购买电池笼饲养鸡产的鸡蛋。由此农民对提高家禽的生活条件愈加上心。理查德·斯瓦兹特鲁伯在特拉华州的小镇格林伍德拥有两个鸡舍。他供应的公司珀杜农场已经完全停止使用抗生素。斯瓦兹特鲁伯先生的鸡舍有很多对着用篱笆围起来的草地的窗户和门，只要天气允许，就会开窗开门。这是有代价的:鸡可能喜欢栖息在树上，但鹰也喜欢。鸡舍里，一捆捆的干草、木箱和塑料平台散落在周围，用来喂鸡。这些措施助他获得了慈善机构全球动物伙伴组织颁发的优良农业证书。珀杜农场的食品安全科学家布鲁斯·斯图尔特·布朗说，他的公司很乐意饲养更多的有机鸡。他提供更高福利的有机肉类的能力最终受到市场力量的限制，因为法律规定的饲料价格昂贵。尽管可能愿意为有机产品或散养产品支付更多钱的人越来越多，但大多数人仍然更喜欢最便宜的产品。尽管人们对素食主义和纯素食主义的兴趣日益浓厚，但调查发现，几乎没有证据表明很多发达国家的人正在变成食草动物。人们可能喜欢偶尔吃植物饮食换换口味。但们真正喜欢的还是鸡肉。

1 livestock   

n.家畜，牲畜

参考例句：

• Both men and livestock are flourishing.人畜两旺。
• The heavy rains and flooding killed scores of livestock.暴雨和大水淹死了许多牲口。

2 legislative   

n.立法机构，立法权；adj.立法的，有立法权的

参考例句：

• Congress is the legislative branch of the U.S. government.国会是美国政府的立法部门。
• Today's hearing was just the first step in the legislative process.今天的听证会只是展开立法程序的第一步。

3 lament   

n.悲叹，悔恨，恸哭；v.哀悼，悔恨，悲叹

参考例句：

• Her face showed lament.她的脸上露出悲伤的样子。
• We lament the dead.我们哀悼死者。

4 clout   

n.用手猛击；权力，影响力

参考例句：

• The queen may have privilege but she has no real political clout.女王有特权，但无真正的政治影响力。
• He gave the little boy a clout on the head.他在那小男孩的头部打了一下。

5 veal   

n.小牛肉

参考例句：

• She sauteed veal and peppers,preparing a mixed salad while the pan simmered.她先做的一道菜是青椒煎小牛肉，趁着锅还在火上偎着的机会，又做了一道拼盘。
• Marinate the veal in white wine for two hours.把小牛肉用白葡萄酒浸泡两小时。

6 activists   

n.（政治活动的）积极分子，活动家( activist的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• His research work was attacked by animal rights activists . 他的研究受到了动物权益维护者的抨击。
• Party activists with lower middle class pedigrees are numerous. 党的激进分子中有很多出身于中产阶级下层。 来自《简明英汉词典》

7 remarkable   

adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的

参考例句：

• She has made remarkable headway in her writing skills.她在写作技巧方面有了长足进步。
• These cars are remarkable for the quietness of their engines.这些汽车因发动机没有噪音而不同凡响。

8 antibiotics   

n.（用作复数）抗生素；（用作单数）抗生物质的研究；抗生素，抗菌素( antibiotic的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• the discovery of antibiotics in the 20th century 20世纪抗生素的发现
• The doctor gave me a prescription for antibiotics. 医生给我开了抗生素。

9 grassy   

adj.盖满草的；长满草的

参考例句：

• They sat and had their lunch on a grassy hillside.他们坐在长满草的山坡上吃午饭。
• Cattle move freely across the grassy plain.牛群自由自在地走过草原。

10 hawks   

鹰( hawk的名词复数 )； 鹰派人物，主战派人物

参考例句：

• Two hawks were hover ing overhead. 两只鹰在头顶盘旋。
• Both hawks and doves have expanded their conditions for ending the war. 鹰派和鸽派都充分阐明了各自的停战条件。

11 scattered   

adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的

参考例句：

• Gathering up his scattered papers,he pushed them into his case.他把散乱的文件收拾起来，塞进文件夹里。

12 partnership   

n.合作关系，伙伴关系

参考例句：

• The company has gone into partnership with Swiss Bank Corporation.这家公司已经和瑞士银行公司建立合作关系。
• Martin has taken him into general partnership in his company.马丁已让他成为公司的普通合伙人。

13 constrained   

adj.束缚的,节制的

参考例句：

• The evidence was so compelling that he felt constrained to accept it. 证据是那样的令人折服，他觉得不得不接受。
• I feel constrained to write and ask for your forgiveness. 我不得不写信请你原谅。

14 vegetarianism   

n.素食，素食主义

参考例句：

• More and more people are believing in vegetarianism and diet for health. 而今越来越多的人们相信素食和节食有利于身体健康。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• She is an exponent of vegetarianism. 她是一个素食主义的倡导者。 来自《简明英汉词典》

15 flirting   

v.调情，打情骂俏( flirt的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• Don't take her too seriously; she's only flirting with you. 别把她太当真，她只不过是在和你调情罢了。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• 'she's always flirting with that new fellow Tseng!" “她还同新来厂里那个姓曾的吊膀子！ 来自子夜部分