2021年经济学人 被忽视的女性医疗--生病的女人(2)

Within this panorama¹, the focus is on women's health in Britain and America.

在整体概述之中，重点是英国和美国的妇女健康。

In the early 20th century some travelled to Germany to try a new treatment called "Dammerschlaf", or "twilight² sleep", which promised "painless" births.

20世纪初，一些人去德国尝试一种名为“DaMmerschlaf”或“黄昏睡眠”的“无痛”分娩。

Given two anaesthetics, morphine and scopolamine (a drug with amnesic³ effects), women lay awake in darkened rooms as their children were born, but would not remember the pain.

医生给她们注射吗啡和东莨菪碱(一种有健忘副作用的药物)两种麻醉剂后，她们醒着躺在黑暗的房间里生孩子，但不会记得这疼痛。

The technique was controversial: labour was expected to be laborious⁴, even though Queen Victoria had publicly endorsed⁵ the use of chloroform in 1853.

这项技术是有争议的：尽管维多利亚女王在1853年公开支持使用氯仿麻醉，但生育被认为就应该是痛苦的。

She inhaled⁶ the gas for 53 minutes, pronouncing it "delightful⁷ beyond measure" after her eighth child was born.

她吸入了53分钟这种气体，生下她的第八个孩子后，她表示这是“无与伦比的快乐”。

Women's choices over where and how to give birth are interrogated⁸ and judged even now.

即使是现在，女性在哪里和如何生孩子的选择仍受到质疑和评判。

Childbirth was the focus of women's health care for much of history, but medicine's shortcomings, and Ms Cleghorn's book, go wider.

克莱霍恩女士在书中写到，尽管生育在历史上一直是女性医疗保健的重点，但是其它的医学缺陷广泛存在。

The immune system is another concern.

免疫系统问题便是其中一个。

Women are more prone⁹ to autoimmune diseases; they suffer disproportionately from illnesses such as lupus, multiple sclerosis and chronic¹⁰ fatigue¹¹ syndrome¹².

女性更容易患自身免疫性疾病；她们或多或少地遭受诸如狼疮、多发性硬化症和慢性疲劳综合症这些疾病的折磨。

New research suggests this susceptibility could be down to the X chromosome¹³ — almost all biological females have two — which influences the production of auto-antibodies.

新的研究表明，这种易感性可能归因于X染色体——几乎所有生物学上的女性都有两条染色体——这影响了自身抗体的产生。

Conversely, the chromosome may explain why women are less likely to suffer badly from viral infections such as COVID-19, which kills more men.

相反，染色体可以解释为什么女性更不容易遭受新冠等病毒严重感染，而这些病毒却导致更多的男性死亡。

As Ms Williams's example shows, birth can still be botched and hazardous¹⁴.

正如威廉姆斯女士的例子所表明的，生育仍然可能有危险的意外。

"Unwell Women" calls for improvements in women's care in reproduction and beyond.

《生病的女人》一书呼吁改善妇女在生育和其他方面的治疗。

The pandemic has demonstrated what medicine can achieve with the right resources and incentives¹⁵;

新冠疫情展示了，在适当的资源和奖励下，药物可以取得怎样巨大的成就；

it is an apt time to shine a light on the stubborn gaps in understanding of women's bodies.

这是一个恰当的时机，揭示人们对女性身体的理解上存在的顽固差距。

1 panorama   

n.全景，全景画，全景摄影，全景照片[装置]

参考例句：

• A vast panorama of the valley lay before us.山谷的广阔全景展现在我们面前。
• A flourishing and prosperous panorama spread out before our eyes.一派欣欣向荣的景象展现在我们的眼前。

2 twilight   

n.暮光，黄昏；暮年，晚期，衰落时期

参考例句：

• Twilight merged into darkness.夕阳的光辉融于黑暗中。
• Twilight was sweet with the smell of lilac and freshly turned earth.薄暮充满紫丁香和新翻耕的泥土的香味。

3 amnesic   

遗忘的； 失去记忆的； 失去存储的； 引起遗忘的

参考例句：

• They arrive back in the US amnesic for the period of brainwashing. 他们返抵美国后，由于洗脑忘记了那段时间发生了什么。
• The researchers tested four healthy individuals and four amnesic patients. 研究者测试了四个健康的人和四个失忆症患者。

4 laborious   

adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅

参考例句：

• They had the laborious task of cutting down the huge tree.他们接受了伐大树的艰苦工作。
• Ants and bees are laborious insects.蚂蚁与蜜蜂是勤劳的昆虫。

5 endorsed   

vt.& vi.endorse的过去式或过去分词形式v.赞同( endorse的过去式和过去分词 )；在（尤指支票的）背面签字；在（文件的）背面写评论；在广告上说本人使用并赞同某产品

参考例句：

• The committee endorsed an initiative by the chairman to enter discussion about a possible merger. 委员会通过了主席提出的新方案，开始就可能进行的并购进行讨论。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The government has broadly endorsed a research paper proposing new educational targets for 14-year-olds. 政府基本上支持建议对14 岁少年实行新教育目标的研究报告。 来自《简明英汉词典》

6 inhaled   

v.吸入( inhale的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• She closed her eyes and inhaled deeply. 她合上双眼，深深吸了一口气。
• Janet inhaled sharply when she saw him. 珍妮特看到他时猛地吸了口气。 来自《简明英汉词典》

7 delightful   

adj.令人高兴的，使人快乐的

参考例句：

• We had a delightful time by the seashore last Sunday.上星期天我们在海滨玩得真痛快。
• Peter played a delightful melody on his flute.彼得用笛子吹奏了一支欢快的曲子。

8 interrogated   

v.询问( interrogate的过去式和过去分词 )；审问；（在计算机或其他机器上）查询

参考例句：

• He was interrogated by the police for over 12 hours. 他被警察审问了12个多小时。
• Two suspects are now being interrogated in connection with the killing. 与杀人案有关的两名嫌疑犯正在接受审讯。 来自《简明英汉词典》

9 prone   

adj.(to)易于…的，很可能…的；俯卧的

参考例句：

• Some people are prone to jump to hasty conclusions.有些人往往作出轻率的结论。
• He is prone to lose his temper when people disagree with him.人家一不同意他的意见,他就发脾气。

10 chronic   

adj.(疾病)长期未愈的，慢性的；极坏的

参考例句：

• Famine differs from chronic malnutrition.饥荒不同于慢性营养不良。
• Chronic poisoning may lead to death from inanition.慢性中毒也可能由虚弱导致死亡。

11 fatigue   

n.疲劳，劳累

参考例句：

• The old lady can't bear the fatigue of a long journey.这位老妇人不能忍受长途旅行的疲劳。
• I have got over my weakness and fatigue.我已从虚弱和疲劳中恢复过来了。

12 syndrome   

n.综合病症；并存特性

参考例句：

• The Institute says that an unidentified virus is to blame for the syndrome. 该研究所表示,引起这种综合症的是一种尚未确认的病毒。
• Results indicated that 11 fetuses had Down syndrome. 结果表明有11个胎儿患有唐氏综合征。

13 chromosome   

n.染色体

参考例句：

• Chromosome material with exhibits of such behaviour is called heterochromatin.表现这种现象的染色体物质叫做异染色质。
• A segment of the chromosome may become lost,resulting in a deletion.染色体的一个片段可能会丢失，结果产生染色体的缺失。

14 hazardous   

adj.(有)危险的，冒险的；碰运气的

参考例句：

• These conditions are very hazardous for shipping.这些情况对航海非常不利。
• Everybody said that it was a hazardous investment.大家都说那是一次危险的投资。

15 incentives   

激励某人做某事的事物( incentive的名词复数 )； 刺激； 诱因； 动机

参考例句：

• tax incentives to encourage savings 鼓励储蓄的税收措施
• Furthermore, subsidies provide incentives only for investments in equipment. 更有甚者，提供津贴仅是为鼓励增添设备的投资。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法