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(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
FDA gives safety nod to 'no kill' meat, bringing it closer to sale in the U.S.
The Food and Drug Administration has taken a first step towards allowing the sale of cultivated "no kill" meat in the U.S, giving a safety nod to Upside Foods, a San Francisco based start-up. The company produces meat grown from animal cells, without slaughtering2 the animal.
"The world is experiencing a food revolution and the FDA is committed to supporting innovation in the food supply," wrote FDA Commissioner3 Robert Califf and director the Center for Food Safety and Applied4 Nutrition Susan Mayne.
The FDA reviewed more than 100 pages of documentation from Upside Foods, and has now completed its pre-market consultation5. The agency says it "has no further questions" about the firm's conclusion that the products are safe to eat. This removes a key regulatory hurdle6 and could bring Upside Foods one step closer to selling its products in the U.S. The next steps are to work with the U.S. Department of Agriculture on labeling and inspection7.
Upside Foods was co-founded by Uma Valeti, a cardiologist who dreamt of producing meat in a different way. Instead of raising livestock8 on farms and killing9 them in slaughterhouses, Valeti wanted to find a way to "grow" meat in a production facility, by culturing animal cells.
The concept for what's now called "cultivated" meat came to Valeti when he was working with heart attack patients at the Mayo Clinic more than 15 years ago, growing human heart cells in a lab. It should be possible to grow meat with similar science, he realized.
Scientists could extract cells from an animal via a needle biopsy, place them in tanks, feed them the nutrients10 they need to proliferate11, including fats, sugar, amino acids and vitamins, and end up with meat.
It has taken years of experimentation12 by a crew of biologists, biochemists and engineers to turn that concept into a product ready to eat. "People said it was science fiction," Valeti told me as we toured the company's new 70,000-square-foot facility. If it gets a greenlight to start selling its meat, Upside's production facility in Emeryville, Calif., will be able to produce over 50,000 pounds of cultivated meat products per year. "This is real," Valeti says.
We suited up for the tour in gowns, goggles13 and hair nets to maintain food safety protocols14 and walked past shiny, brewery-style, stainless16 steel tanks reaching from floor to ceiling.
But these tanks — called cultivators in this industry — "brew15" meat, not beer. We saw the cell bank where the animal cell samples are stored, the pipes that pump nutrients into the tanks, and finally the raw meat as it emerged from the production facility.
The process had a futuristic vibe but by the end of the tour, it felt somehow ordinary to me — like a kind of hydroponic gardening.
The facility's glass walls look out into a busy upscale neighborhood, filled with restaurants, apartments and offices. Valeti says the glass walls are intentional17 — to signal transparency. "To create a paradigm18 change, people should be able to walk through and see and believe it," he says.
Upside Foods could have lots of competition once cultivated meats enter the market. More than 80 companies are staking a future in the space. For instance, Good Meat, part of Eat Just, Inc., will serve its cultivated chicken at the COP-27 climate conference this week, after debuting19 its product in Singapore. Also, Sci-Fi Foods, founded by self-proclaimed "burger-obsessed food lovers" aims to blend cultivated beef with a plant-based recipe to produce a hybrid20 burger that, they say, will be better for the planet.
The cultivation21 room at Upside Foods.
David Kay
The acceleration22 in investment comes as more consumers connect the dots between what they eat and the environment. An estimated one third of all human-induced greenhouse gas emissions23 come from food production and scientists warn it's nearly impossible to meet climate goals without changing agriculture.
Scientists say beef has an especially large environmental impact because it requires a lot of land to graze animals and is a leading source of methane24 emissions. By comparison, it takes much less land and grain to raise chickens. However, concentrated poultry25 operations are linked to water pollution.
Furthermore, concentrated animal feeding operations are a risk factor for the emergence26 of diseases that spread between animals and people, as a U.N. report from 2020, Preventing the Next Pandemic, warned.
A move from medicine to meat
Valeti's leap from cardiology to food innovation was inspired by a belief that there was a better way to bring meat to the table.
He recalls working in a campus dining hall in medical school. He was sent to a slaughterhouse where he saw hundreds of chickens hanging on a production line. "They were literally27 moving past at blazing speed, they'd be upside down with blood everywhere," Valeti recalls. "That was an image that just stayed in my head."
He became a vegetarian28, but he knew many people are resolute29 carnivores. Despite calls from climate change scientists to eat less meat, the globe is demanding more of it. Americans now eat more than 220 pounds of meat per person, per year, compared to 193 pounds a year in the early 1980s.
After his aha moment in the cardiology lab, Valeti became convinced he could develop a viable30 technique for cultivating meat from animal cells. "Once I got that idea into my head it was nearly impossible to get out," Valeti recalls.
He began raising money and started Upside (formerly called Memphis Meats) in 2015. At the time his two children were young, and his wife, also a doctor, was supportive of the decision despite the risks involved in a start-up.
He's won over plenty of investors31 along the way, including Bill Gates and venture capitalist John Doerr, and the company is now valued at more than a billion dollars. Some of the largest companies involved in traditional meat production, including Tyson and Cargill have also invested.
Though the idea of meat grown in tanks elicits32 an "ick" response from many people, the emerging industry sees market potential. According to consumer research, 88% of Gen Z consumers in the U.S. say they'd be somewhat open to trying cultivated meat, compared with about 72% of baby boomers.
"We feel super bullish on the prospects34 for plant-based meat as well as cultivated meat," says Bruce Friedrich of the Good Food Institute which tracks investment trends and lobbies for alternative proteins.
Climate-conscious consumers would be likely early adopters, Friedrich says, but for the market to really take off the products need to taste great and be cost-competitive, he says. "Until they get there, they're going to stay niche," Friedrich predicts. "Price and taste are why people make their food decisions."
When I asked Valeti about price parity35 with conventional meat he said the goal is to be price-competitive. "It will take time to build," Valeti acknowledged. As for taste, he says his team is ready to wow consumers.
A visit to the test kitchen
During our visit, we stopped in the company's state-of-the-art test kitchen for taste of Upside Foods' chicken. I was asked to sign a waiver before tasting it, because it's not yet legal to sell cell-cultured meat in the U.S.
I was served a piece of their chicken, pan-fried in a white-wine butter sauce. My first reaction: "It's delicious." (Isn't everything in wine-butter sauce?) And the texture36 was chewy, closely replicating37 the texture of chicken breast (minus bones, and tough bits or gristle.) "It tastes like chicken," I said, to which Valeti quickly replied, "It is chicken!"
It took Valeti and his team years to develop the technology behind these tasty bites. A key challenge was creating the feed for the cells. Cells need a mix of proteins, carbohydrates38 and fats (just as animals do) but, designing the exact formulation was part alchemy, and a lot of trial and error.
The feed needed to maximize growth, but also produce a good taste, texture and nutritional39 value. He quickly realized no single scientist had the skills to figure this out alone.
A muscle biologist can focus on growth, but he brought in nutritional biochemists and engineers to tackle the competing challenges linked to taste and growth. "We had to develop a multidisciplinary team of scientists," Valeti says.
The FDA and the USDA are working together on a regulatory framework "to help move these innovative40 products along into the U.S. market, as long as we're making sure that everything can be done safely and with appropriate labeling," the FDA's Susan Mayne told NPR.
Upside Food's pre-market consultation was the first to be completed, and the FDA says it will review each company's submission41 separately. "We encourage firms to have these conversations with us often and early in their product development phase," an FDA spokesperson wrote in an email.
A recent executive order from the Biden administration, which calls for advancing innovative solutions in climate change and food security, including "cultivating alternative food sources," was viewed by many in the nascent42 cultivated food industry as a sign of increased momentum43 toward approval. The USDA is currently developing labeling requirements.
Debates over health and environmental impact
There are debates about whether cultivated meat is healthy — or potentially healthier than conventional meat. "It's a very nuanced question without a very simple answer," explains Dana Hunnes, a registered dietitian44 at UCLA Medical Center. Opinions tend to reflect the range of views about meat in general.
Hunnes says cultivated meat may not appeal to vegans or vegetarians45. She points to the healthfulness of plant-based diets, which is the diet she follows, and says some people don't want to eat meat, no matter how it's produced. Also, the cultivated meat industry has relied on fetal bovine46 serum47 from cows as a growth medium for the cells, though Upside Foods has developed an animal component-free alternative.
But most Americans are meat-eaters, and dieticians say meat is a good source of protein and important micronutrients including B vitamins. Part of the intrigue48 of cultivated meat is that it can be altered for improved nutrition. For instance, if cells were fed omega-3 fatty acids during the growing process, then, in theory, these heart-healthy fats could be absorbed into the meat.
"It is possible to create a so-called healthier version of the meat," Hunnes says, though much of this has not yet been explored since the industry is so new.
From a public health perspective, a potential advantage of cultivated meat is the fact that without live animals to catch and spread disease, no antibiotics49 are needed in production facilities and there's decreased likelihood of foodborne illness from intestinal50 pathogens.
For instance, salmonella, a bacteria that lives in animal intestines51 and is shed through their feces, would not be present in a cultivated meat production facility. "From a food safety standpoint, it probably has a one up," on the traditional meat industry, Hunnes says.
Because this is a new industry, there are potential unknowns. Some scientists say it's possible that unforeseen biological mechanisms52 could occur as the meat grows, such as cells multiplying in unpredictable ways. There's a continued need for research as the industry heads toward commercialization.
The first cultivated meat products were produced from cells biopsied directly from live animals. But this process isn't efficient. Over the last few years, start-ups have worked to identify "immortalized" cell lines, that "can be grown almost indefinitely without having to go back to the animal," explains David Kaplan, professor of biomedical engineering of Tufts University.
His lab received a $10 million grant from USDA to help develop the cultured meat industry. "We need more and more," immortalized cell lines, Kaplan says, as the industry looks to expand to different types of meat, poultry and fish.
Another unknown is the exact climate impact of cultivated meat. Researchers at the University of Oxford53 modeled the potential climate change impact of cattle compared to cultivated meat. One advantage of cultivated meat is that it will not produce methane emissions, which is a potent33 greenhouse gas produced by cattle.
But the cultivated meat industry will contribute to CO2 emissions, given that its production facilities will use electricity. The researchers conclude that the relative impact will be determined54 by whether — or how quickly — the energy used to power the cultivated meat production facilities comes from clean-energy, or decarbonized energy.
For Valeti, the potential benefits of cultivated meat are too important not to try to overcome the obstacles. He sees a future with a better alternative to the current system of producing meat, and he's determined to create it.
Valeti says, ultimately, as a doctor he might have been able to help a few thousand patients during his career. But, by taking the leap to cultivated meat, with its potential promise to overhaul55 meat production, he believes he can have a larger impact. "This could literally affect billions of human lives and save potentially trillions of animal lives," Valeti says.
While awaiting regulatory approval, he's moving forward to bring the product to people's plates. He has signed a partnership56 with Dominique Crenn, the co-owner and chef of the three-Michelin-starred restaurant Atelier Crenn in San Francisco, who has agreed to provide culinary consulting and recipe development and — once the new product is approved for market — to serve Upside's cultivated chicken at her restaurant.
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| n.抄本，誊本，副本，肄业证书 | |
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slaughtering
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| v.屠杀，杀戮，屠宰( slaughter的现在分词 ) | |
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commissioner
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| n.（政府厅、局、处等部门）专员，长官，委员 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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consultation
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| n.咨询；商量；商议；会议 | |
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hurdle
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| n.跳栏，栏架；障碍，困难；vi.进行跨栏赛 | |
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inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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livestock
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| n.家畜，牲畜 | |
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killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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nutrients
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| n.（食品或化学品）营养物，营养品( nutrient的名词复数 ) | |
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proliferate
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| vi.激增，(迅速)繁殖，增生 | |
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experimentation
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| n.实验，试验，实验法 | |
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goggles
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| n.护目镜 | |
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protocols
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| n.礼仪( protocol的名词复数 )；（外交条约的）草案；（数据传递的）协议；科学实验报告（或计划） | |
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brew
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| v.酿造，调制 | |
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stainless
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| adj.无瑕疵的，不锈的 | |
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intentional
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| adj.故意的，有意（识）的 | |
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paradigm
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| n.例子，模范，词形变化表 | |
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debuting
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| 初次表演，初次登台（debut的现在分词形式） | |
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hybrid
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| n.(动，植）杂种，混合物 | |
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cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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acceleration
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| n.加速，加速度 | |
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emissions
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| 排放物( emission的名词复数 )； 散发物（尤指气体） | |
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methane
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| n.甲烷，沼气 | |
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poultry
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| n.家禽，禽肉 | |
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emergence
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| n.浮现，显现，出现，（植物）突出体 | |
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literally
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| adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实 | |
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vegetarian
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| n.素食者；adj.素食的 | |
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resolute
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| adj.坚决的，果敢的 | |
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viable
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| adj.可行的，切实可行的，能活下去的 | |
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investors
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| n.投资者，出资者( investor的名词复数 ) | |
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elicits
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| 引出，探出( elicit的第三人称单数 ) | |
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potent
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| adj.强有力的，有权势的；有效力的 | |
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prospects
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| n.希望，前途(恒为复数) | |
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parity
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| n.平价，等价，比价，对等 | |
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texture
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| n.(织物)质地；(材料)构造；结构；肌理 | |
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replicating
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| 复制( replicate的现在分词 )； 重复； 再造； 再生 | |
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carbohydrates
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| n.碳水化合物，糖类( carbohydrate的名词复数 )；淀粉质或糖类食物 | |
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nutritional
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| adj.营养的，滋养的 | |
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innovative
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| adj.革新的，新颖的，富有革新精神的 | |
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submission
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| n.服从，投降；温顺，谦虚；提出 | |
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nascent
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| adj.初生的，发生中的 | |
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momentum
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| n.动力，冲力，势头；动量 | |
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dietitian
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| n.营养学家 | |
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vegetarians
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| n.吃素的人( vegetarian的名词复数 )；素食者；素食主义者；食草动物 | |
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bovine
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| adj.牛的；n.牛 | |
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serum
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| n.浆液，血清，乳浆 | |
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intrigue
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| vt.激起兴趣，迷住；vi.耍阴谋；n.阴谋，密谋 | |
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antibiotics
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| n.（用作复数）抗生素；（用作单数）抗生物质的研究；抗生素，抗菌素( antibiotic的名词复数 ) | |
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intestinal
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| adj.肠的；肠壁；肠道细菌 | |
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intestines
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| n.肠( intestine的名词复数 ) | |
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mechanisms
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| n.机械( mechanism的名词复数 )；机械装置；[生物学] 机制；机械作用 | |
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Oxford
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| n.牛津（英国城市） | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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overhaul
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| v./n.大修，仔细检查 | |
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partnership
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| n.合作关系，伙伴关系 | |
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