经济学人446:波兰总统莱赫·卡钦斯基

 　　Obituary;Lech Kaczynski

　　逝者;莱赫·卡钦斯基

　　Lech Kaczynski, president of Poland, died in an air crash on April 10th, aged¹ 60

　　波兰总统莱赫·卡钦斯基4月10日坠机身亡，享年60岁

　　Charming in private, awkward in public, scrupulously² honest and a bit out of touch, Lech Kaczynski exemplified the strengths and weaknesses of the political milieu³ from which he came. His formative years were the long bleak⁴ decades of Poland's communist era, first in Warsaw and then in provincial⁵ Gdansk. He and his twin brother, Jaroslaw, idolised their father, a veteran of the Polish Home Army, which fought an underground war against the German occupiers, only to be persecuted⁶ by the Soviet⁷ “liberators”. Each night at bedtime, the two boys used to sing the country's national anthem⁸: “Poland is not yet lost, while we still live.”

　　莱赫·卡钦斯基私下里充满魅力，大庭广众却举止笨拙，严谨正直，有点儿跟时代脱节，在他身上，体现了他所出身的政治环境的种种优缺点。这种性格成型的日子，要追溯到波兰萧瑟黯淡、长达数十年的共产主义时代，先是在华沙，继而在格但斯克省。卡钦斯基与孪生兄弟雅罗斯瓦夫，无比崇拜他们的父亲，一位波兰本土军老兵。这支军队曾与德国占领者进行地下斗争，结果却横遭苏联“解放者”迫害。以往在每晚临睡时，两个男孩常常哼唱波兰国歌：“我们一息尚存，波兰就绝不会灭亡。”

　　As 12-year-olds the twins starred in a popular Polish fantasy film, “The Two Who Stole the Moon”, though in real life the swotty duo had little in common with the scamps they portrayed⁹. Both became academic lawyers, Lech specialising in labour law. That proved useful during the Solidarity¹⁰ era, when he advised the opposition¹¹ trade union's leaders in their talks with the communist boss-class. After the imposition of martial¹² law in December 1981, he was interned¹³ for ten months.

　　12岁时，这对孪生兄弟主演了一部广受欢迎的波兰奇幻电影《偷月二人行》，然而在现实生活中，两人勤奋刻苦，与他们扮演的小痞子迥然不同。两人后来都成为了法学家，莱赫专攻劳动法。后来证明，团结工联时代，卡钦斯基为反对派工会领导人与共产主义老板阶层谈判出谋划策之时，他所学的法律专业派上了大用场。1981年12月戒严法实施后，莱赫被拘禁了10个月。

　　He helped negotiate the communist regime's surrender in 1989 and was one of the victors in the electoral triumph that followed. Soon after, he became security minister, developing a lasting¹⁴ distaste for the continuing influence of old communist spooks in public life. He resigned after falling out with his former friend, the Solidarity leader-turned-president, Lech Walesa, whom he later accused of having collaborated¹⁵ with the communist secret police. He was a crime-busting justice minister and then mayor of Warsaw. His legacy¹⁶ there is the capital's haunting museum of the 1944 uprising, crushed by occupying German forces while a nearby Soviet army kept aloof¹⁷. Both his parents fought in it.

　　1989年，他协助谈判共产主义政权移交事宜，并在随后的选举胜利中分得了一杯羹。不久之后，他出任安全部长，面对共产主义幽灵之前在公众生活中留下的持续影响，渐渐产生厌恶，经久不退。在同故友、团结工会领导人出身的总统莱赫·瓦文萨闹翻后，卡钦斯基辞职，他后来指责瓦文萨与共产党的秘密警察合作。出任司法部长时，他严厉打击犯罪，随后成为华沙市长。他为该市留下了一座博物馆，以缅怀1944年的起义，当时的占领者德国军队残酷镇压了这次起义，而苏联军队却在一旁袖手旁观。他的双亲都参与了此次战斗。

　　But few saw him as a likely head of state. He was the less prominent of the twins: their all-but-identical appearance (Lech had a mole¹⁸ on his cheek; Jaroslaw did not) belied¹⁹ big differences. Lech was the younger and shyer, Jaroslaw the brainier, the bossier and the mastermind of the Law and Justice party (PiS in its Polish acronym) which they founded in 2001.

　　不过很少有人认为他是一个适合的国家领袖。在孪生兄弟中他也毫不起眼：两人外表几乎一模一样（莱赫脸颊上有个痣；而雅罗斯瓦夫没有），这掩盖了他们性格上的巨大差异。莱赫是弟弟，比较害羞，而雅罗斯瓦夫则更有头脑，更独断专行，是两人2001年组建的法律与公正党（波兰语首字母缩写为PiS）的操纵者。

　　A surprise victor in 2005, Lech Kaczynski proved an uneasy president. He looked nervous at public occasions. Foreign ambassadors in Warsaw traded horror stories about protocol²⁰ snafus in his chaotic²¹ chancery. His public relations were awful, consumed by suspicion of media plots against him. But content as well as form was adrift.

　　2005年大选莱赫·卡钦斯基出乎意料获胜，当选总统，局促不安的秉性随之显现。他在公众场合表现紧张。一些令人惊骇的故事，在驻华沙的外国大使间交口相传，内容涉及一些外交礼仪混乱，发生在他乱成一团糟的总统官邸。他的公共关系糟透了，媒体暗地里对他猜疑不断，将之摧毁殆尽。

　　His grasp of economics was hazy²², but that of foreign affairs was weaker still. Before his election Lech (like his brother) displayed scant²³ interest in them. He spoke²⁴ no foreign languages and had travelled little. His worldview was fixed²⁵: America, good, Russia and Germany, bad. Fellow-victims of communist imperialism²⁶, such as Lithuania, Ukraine and Georgia, needed help against the ex-KGB regime in Russia. Poland should always support Israel. The EU was overmighty and too secular²⁷. Most other countries did not matter at all.

　　他对经济的理解让人摸不着头脑，对外交事务的见解却仍显弱智。在当选总统前，莱赫就像他哥哥一样，显示出对外交事务缺乏兴趣。他一门外语也不会说，出访地屈指可数。他的世界观也顽固不化：美国，好人，俄罗斯与德国，坏人。那些同样深受共产帝国主义其害的国家，比如立陶宛、乌克兰与格鲁吉亚，都亟需帮助来对付俄罗斯的前克格勃体系。波兰应始终如一地支持以色列。欧盟权力过大，还俗不可耐。余下的大多数国家根本无关紧要。

　　Those views were popular among many Poles. But Mr Kaczynski pursued them clumsily, sometimes disastrously²⁸ so. His performances at European summits were petulant²⁹ and destructive. Repeated attempts by Angela Merkel, the polonophile German chancellor³⁰, to build a strong relationship with Poland were rebuffed. He told Germany to give Poland voting rights to reflect her wartime population losses. He cancelled his attendance at a trilateral French-German-Polish summit in 2006 in protest at an insulting German newspaper article. Bemusingly, he demanded a government apology.

　　这些观点在许多波兰人中颇为流行。不过卡钦斯基先生却顽固坚守，不知变通，有时还酿成了灾难性的后果。在欧盟峰会上，他表现得狂妄自大，破坏性十足。亲波兰的德国总理安吉拉·默克尔一再试图与波兰建立牢固关系，却被粗暴回绝。他要德国考虑到波兰战时的人口损失，给予波兰投票权。2006年，为抗议一篇德国报纸文章侮辱他，他取消出席法国——德国——波兰三边峰会。令人茫然不解的是，他竟要求德国政府为此道歉。

　　Such gaffes³¹ and inexperience made Mr Kaczynski easy to lampoon³². So did his socially conservative views. As mayor he banned gay parades in Warsaw. His stance was mainstream³³ in Catholic Poland but shocked secular European opinion. Hostile journalists at home and abroad enjoyed ridiculing³⁴ him.

　　上述种种失态与缺乏经验，让卡钦斯基先生轻易成为讽刺的对象。他所持的社会保守观点也成为众矢之的。担任华沙市长时，他禁止同性恋游行。在信奉天主教的波兰，他的观点是主流，不过此举却令欧洲世俗舆论哗然。国内外抱有敌意的记者都以嘲弄奚落他为乐事。

　　But his critics often missed his virtues³⁵ and overstated his faults. He was a patriot³⁶, but not a nationalist. He was no bigot: his daughter divorced, and then married someone active in Poland's left-wing party, the SLD, which has its roots in the former communist party. Mr Kaczynski treated his new son-in-law with impeccable kindness.

　　不过批评他的人常常注意不到他的美德，也夸大了他的缺点。他是个爱国者，却非民族主义分子。他也不顽固：他的女儿离婚后，又嫁给了波兰左翼政党“民主左翼联盟”某位活跃分子，该党根源于前共产党。卡钦斯基先生待他的新女婿和善有加，无可挑剔。

　　Nor was he simply right-wing in the traditional sense. If anything, his views were those of Poland's pre-war Socialist³⁷ party. He was rather sceptical of big business (not least because of his concern for workers' rights). Free-marketeers found him frustratingly³⁸ unsympathetic to demands for more liberalisation and less bureaucracy.

　　他也不完全是传统意义上的右翼。其观点甚至还源于波兰战前的社会主义政党。他对大财团相当怀疑（由于他关注劳工权利，更是如此）。自由市场论者还发现他对扩大自由化与减少官僚主义的要求无动于衷，令人沮丧。

　　Honest to a fault

　　诚实过度

　　His great concern, and that of many founding members of PiS, was corruption³⁹. Scrupulously honest themselves (his brother Jaroslaw does not even have a bank account) the twins could hardly have been more different from the sleek⁴⁰ cronies who populate large parts of the Polish political spectrum⁴¹. The Kaczynskis' real failure was overzealousness: their anti-corruption crusade too often trampled⁴² over the rule of law that they wanted to uphold.

　　他高度关注腐败问题，而这也是法律与公正党众多元老关注的重点。这对孪生兄弟谨小慎微地维系自己诚实正直的形象（哥哥雅罗斯瓦夫甚至没有一个银行账户），他们与波兰政治圈比比皆是、八面玲珑的密友，有着天壤之别。卡钦斯基的真正失败在于反应过头：他们发起的反腐败运动经常践踏他们企图维护的法律规则。

　　Mr Kaczynski was trailing badly in the re-election race due in October. Poles like honesty. But they like competence⁴³, effectiveness and modernity, too.

　　在原定于10月举行的连任竞选中，卡钦斯基先生支持率严重落后。波兰人喜欢诚实。不过，他们也亲睐能力、效率与现代性。

1 aged   

adj.年老的，陈年的

参考例句：

• He had put on weight and aged a little.他胖了，也老点了。
• He is aged,but his memory is still good.他已年老，然而记忆力还好。

2 scrupulously   

adv.一丝不苟地；小心翼翼地，多顾虑地

参考例句：

• She toed scrupulously into the room. 她小心翼翼地踮着脚走进房间。 来自辞典例句
• To others he would be scrupulously fair. 对待别人，他力求公正。 来自英汉非文学 - 文明史

3 milieu   

n.环境；出身背景；(个人所处的)社会环境

参考例句：

• Foods usually provide a good milieu for the persistence of viruses.食品通常为病毒存续提供了一个良好的栖身所。
• He was born in a social milieu where further education was a luxury.他生在一个受较高教育就被认为是奢侈的社会环境里。

4 bleak   

adj.(天气)阴冷的；凄凉的；暗淡的

参考例句：

• They showed me into a bleak waiting room.他们引我来到一间阴冷的会客室。
• The company's prospects look pretty bleak.这家公司的前景异常暗淡。

5 provincial   

adj.省的，地方的；n．外省人，乡下人

参考例句：

• City dwellers think country folk have provincial attitudes.城里人以为乡下人思想迂腐。
• Two leading cadres came down from the provincial capital yesterday.昨天从省里下来了两位领导干部。

6 persecuted   

（尤指宗教或政治信仰的）迫害(~sb. for sth.)( persecute的过去式和过去分词 )； 烦扰，困扰或骚扰某人

参考例句：

• Throughout history, people have been persecuted for their religious beliefs. 人们因宗教信仰而受迫害的情况贯穿了整个历史。
• Members of these sects are ruthlessly persecuted and suppressed. 这些教派的成员遭到了残酷的迫害和镇压。

7 Soviet   

adj.苏联的，苏维埃的；n.苏维埃

参考例句：

• Zhukov was a marshal of the former Soviet Union.朱可夫是前苏联的一位元帅。
• Germany began to attack the Soviet Union in 1941.德国在1941年开始进攻苏联。

8 anthem   

n.圣歌，赞美诗，颂歌

参考例句：

• All those present were standing solemnly when the national anthem was played.奏国歌时全场肃立。
• As he stood on the winner's rostrum,he sang the words of the national anthem.他站在冠军领奖台上，唱起了国歌。

9 portrayed   

v.画像( portray的过去式和过去分词 )；描述；描绘；描画

参考例句：

• Throughout the trial, he portrayed himself as the victim. 在审讯过程中，他始终把自己说成是受害者。
• The author portrayed his father as a vicious drunkard. 作者把他父亲描绘成一个可恶的酒鬼。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

10 solidarity   

n.团结；休戚相关

参考例句：

• They must preserve their solidarity.他们必须维护他们的团结。
• The solidarity among China's various nationalities is as firm as a rock.中国各族人民之间的团结坚如磐石。

11 opposition   

n.反对，敌对

参考例句：

• The party leader is facing opposition in his own backyard.该党领袖在自己的党內遇到了反对。
• The police tried to break down the prisoner's opposition.警察设法制住了那个囚犯的反抗。

12 martial   

adj.战争的，军事的，尚武的，威武的

参考例句：

• The sound of martial music is always inspiring.军乐声总是鼓舞人心的。
• The officer was convicted of desertion at a court martial.这名军官在军事法庭上被判犯了擅离职守罪。

13 interned   

v.拘留，关押( intern的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• He was interned but,as he was in no way implicated in war crimes,was released. 他曾被拘留过，但因未曾涉嫌战争罪行而被释放了。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• These soldiers were interned in a neutral country until the war was over. 这些士兵被拘留在一个中立国，直到战争结束。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》

14 lasting   

adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持

参考例句：

• The lasting war debased the value of the dollar.持久的战争使美元贬值。
• We hope for a lasting settlement of all these troubles.我们希望这些纠纷能获得永久的解决。

15 collaborated   

合作( collaborate的过去式和过去分词 )； 勾结叛国

参考例句：

• We have collaborated on many projects over the years. 这些年来我们合作搞了许多项目。
• We have collaborated closely with the university on this project. 我们与大学在这个专案上紧密合作。

16 legacy   

n.遗产，遗赠；先人(或过去)留下的东西

参考例句：

• They are the most precious cultural legacy our forefathers left.它们是我们祖先留下来的最宝贵的文化遗产。
• He thinks the legacy is a gift from the Gods.他认为这笔遗产是天赐之物。

17 aloof   

adj.远离的；冷淡的，漠不关心的

参考例句：

• Never stand aloof from the masses.千万不可脱离群众。
• On the evening the girl kept herself timidly aloof from the crowd.这小女孩在晚会上一直胆怯地远离人群。

18 mole   

n.胎块；痣；克分子

参考例句：

• She had a tiny mole on her cheek.她的面颊上有一颗小黑痣。
• The young girl felt very self- conscious about the large mole on her chin.那位年轻姑娘对自己下巴上的一颗大痣感到很不自在。

19 belied   

v.掩饰( belie的过去式和过去分词 )；证明（或显示）…为虚假；辜负；就…扯谎

参考例句：

• His bluff exterior belied a connoisseur of antiques. 他作风粗放，令人看不出他是古董鉴赏家。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Her smile belied her true feelings. 她的微笑掩饰了她的真实感情。 来自《简明英汉词典》

20 protocol   

n.议定书，草约，会谈记录，外交礼节

参考例句：

• We must observe the correct protocol.我们必须遵守应有的礼仪。
• The statesmen signed a protocol.那些政治家签了议定书。

21 chaotic   

adj.混沌的，一片混乱的，一团糟的

参考例句：

• Things have been getting chaotic in the office recently.最近办公室的情况越来越乱了。
• The traffic in the city was chaotic.这城市的交通糟透了。

22 hazy   

adj.有薄雾的，朦胧的；不肯定的，模糊的

参考例句：

• We couldn't see far because it was so hazy.雾气蒙蒙妨碍了我们的视线。
• I have a hazy memory of those early years.对那些早先的岁月我有着朦胧的记忆。

23 scant   

adj.不充分的，不足的；v.减缩，限制，忽略

参考例句：

• Don't scant the butter when you make a cake.做糕饼时不要吝惜奶油。
• Many mothers pay scant attention to their own needs when their children are small.孩子们小的时候，许多母亲都忽视自己的需求。

24 spoke   

n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说

参考例句：

• They sourced the spoke nuts from our company.他们的轮辐螺帽是从我们公司获得的。
• The spokes of a wheel are the bars that connect the outer ring to the centre.辐条是轮子上连接外圈与中心的条棒。

25 fixed   

adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的

参考例句：

• Have you two fixed on a date for the wedding yet?你们俩选定婚期了吗？
• Once the aim is fixed,we should not change it arbitrarily.目标一旦确定，我们就不应该随意改变。

26 imperialism   

n.帝国主义，帝国主义政策

参考例句：

• They held the imperialism in contempt.他们鄙视帝国主义。
• Imperialism has not been able to subjugate China.帝国主义不能征服中国。

27 secular   

n.牧师，凡人；adj.世俗的，现世的，不朽的

参考例句：

• We live in an increasingly secular society.我们生活在一个日益非宗教的社会。
• Britain is a plural society in which the secular predominates.英国是个世俗主导的多元社会。

28 disastrously   

ad.灾难性地

参考例句：

• Their profits began to spiral down disastrously. 他们的利润开始螺旋形地急剧下降。
• The fit between the country's information needs and its information media has become disastrously disjointed. 全国的信息需求与信息传播媒介之间的配置，出现了严重的不协调。

29 petulant   

adj.性急的，暴躁的

参考例句：

• He picked the pen up with a petulant gesture.他生气地拿起那支钢笔。
• The thing had been remarked with petulant jealousy by his wife.

30 chancellor   

n.(英)大臣；法官；(德、奥)总理；大学校长

参考例句：

• They submitted their reports to the Chancellor yesterday.他们昨天向财政大臣递交了报告。
• He was regarded as the most successful Chancellor of modern times.他被认为是现代最成功的财政大臣。

31 gaffes   

n.失礼，出丑( gaffe的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The presidential candidate made three mistakes, or gaffes, during his speech. 校长候选人在演讲中出了三次错，或失态。 来自超越目标英语 第4册
• When the microphones were on, gaffes gushed from his lips. 而当电话响起，他却口无遮拦，屡屡失言。 来自互联网

32 lampoon   

n.讽刺文章；v.讽刺

参考例句：

• His cartoon mercilessly lampoon the leading politician of the day.他的讽刺漫画无情地挖苦了当今的政界要人。
• He was lampooned for his short stature and political views.他的矮小身材和政治观点使他成了受奚落的对象。

33 mainstream   

n.（思想或行为的）主流；adj.主流的

参考例句：

• Their views lie outside the mainstream of current medical opinion.他们的观点不属于当今医学界观点的主流。
• Polls are still largely reflects the mainstream sentiment.民调还在很大程度上反映了社会主流情绪。

34 ridiculing   

v.嘲笑，嘲弄，奚落( ridicule的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• Proxmire has made himself quite a reputation out of ridiculing government expenditure he disagrees with. 普罗克斯迈尔对于他不同意花的政府开支总要取笑一番，他因此而名声大振。 来自辞典例句
• The demonstrators put on skits ridiculing the aggressors. 游行的人上演了活报剧来讽刺侵略者。 来自互联网

35 virtues   

美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处

参考例句：

• Doctors often extol the virtues of eating less fat. 医生常常宣扬少吃脂肪的好处。
• She delivered a homily on the virtues of family life. 她进行了一场家庭生活美德方面的说教。

36 patriot   

n.爱国者，爱国主义者

参考例句：

• He avowed himself a patriot.他自称自己是爱国者。
• He is a patriot who has won the admiration of the French already.他是一个已经赢得法国人敬仰的爱国者。

37 socialist   

n.社会主义者；adj.社会主义的

参考例句：

• China is a socialist country,and a developing country as well.中国是一个社会主义国家，也是一个发展中国家。
• His father was an ardent socialist.他父亲是一个热情的社会主义者。

38 frustratingly   

参考例句：

• Some programs set this limit too close, resulting in frustratingly temperamental scroll behavior. 一些程序将这种限制设置得太窄，导致滚屏的行为变幻无常，令人沮丧。 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓
• But the process is frustratingly slow. 但这过程慢得让人郁闷。 来自互联网

39 corruption   

n.腐败，堕落，贪污

参考例句：

• The people asked the government to hit out against corruption and theft.人民要求政府严惩贪污盗窃。
• The old man reviled against corruption.那老人痛斥了贪污舞弊。

40 sleek   

adj.光滑的，井然有序的；v.使光滑，梳拢

参考例句：

• Women preferred sleek,shiny hair with little decoration.女士们更喜欢略加修饰的光滑闪亮型秀发。
• The horse's coat was sleek and glossy.这匹马全身润泽有光。

41 spectrum   

n.谱，光谱，频谱；范围，幅度，系列

参考例句：

• This is a kind of atomic spectrum.这是一种原子光谱。
• We have known much of the constitution of the solar spectrum.关于太阳光谱的构成，我们已了解不少。

42 trampled   

踩( trample的过去式和过去分词 )； 践踏； 无视； 侵犯

参考例句：

• He gripped his brother's arm lest he be trampled by the mob. 他紧抓着他兄弟的胳膊，怕他让暴民踩着。
• People were trampled underfoot in the rush for the exit. 有人在拼命涌向出口时被踩在脚下。

43 competence   

n.能力，胜任，称职

参考例句：

• This mess is a poor reflection on his competence.这种混乱情况说明他难当此任。
• These are matters within the competence of the court.这些是法院权限以内的事。