2022年经济学人 人工智能在策略游戏中胜过人类(1)

Trust no one.

不要相信任何人。

AI outplays most humans in a game of negotiation¹ and double-dealing.

人工智能在需要谈判和策略的游戏中胜过了大多数人类。

Backgammon was an easy win.

五子棋，轻松获胜。

Chess, harder.

国际象棋，艰难取胜。

Go, harder still.

围棋，更加艰辛。

But for some aficionados² it is only now that artificial intelligence (AI) can truly say it has joined the game-playing club - for it has proved it can routinely beat humans at Diplomacy³.

但对于一些人工智能（AI）的狂热爱好者来说，AI现在才算是真正加入了游戏俱乐部——因为它已被证明可以在《强权外交》游戏中击败人类。

For those unfamiliar⁴ with the game, its board is a map of Europe just before the first world war (except that, for no readily apparent reason, Montenegro is missing).

为不熟悉这个游戏的人解释一下，桌游《强权外交》的棋盘是一张第一次世界大战前的欧洲地图（由于某些原因，地图上没有标注黑山）。

Participants, seven ideally, each take on the role of one of the Great Powers: Austria, England, France, Germany, Italy, Russia and Turkey.

该游戏推荐七个人共同参与，参与者每人代表一个大国：奥地利、英国、法国、德国、意大利、俄罗斯和土耳其。

Each has armies and navies, and geographically⁵ based resources to support them, and can use its forces to capture the territory of neighbors, thus gaining the means to raise more forces while depriving others of the same.

每个国家都有自己的陆军和海军，以及用于支持本国的地理资源，每个国家都可以利用自己的军队占领邻国的领土，从而组建更庞大的军队，同时削弱其他国家的军队。

The trick is that, at least at the beginning, players will get nowhere without making agreements to collaborate⁶ - yet they are not bound by the game's rules to keep to these agreements.

游戏的诀窍在于，玩家至少要在游戏开始时与其他玩家达成合作协议，否则将无法取得进展——但他们是否必须遵守这些协议则不受游戏规则的约束。

Only when orders for the movement of troops and vessels⁷, which have to be written down, are revealed, does a player discover who really is a friend, or an enemy.

只有玩家对部队和船只移动下达指令（必须要写在纸面上）时，其他玩家才会明白谁是真正的朋友，谁是真正的敌人。

Cicero, a program devised by a group of Mark Zuckerberg's employees who dub⁸ themselves the Meta Fundamental AI Research Diplomacy Team, proved an adept⁹ pupil.

由马克·扎克伯格的员工组成的“Meta基础人工智能研究强权外交游戏团队”设计了一个名为“Cicero”的项目，事实证明，Cicero是一个成熟的程序。

As the team describe in Science, when they entered their creation into an online Diplomacy league, in which it played 40 games, it emerged as one of the top 10% of players - and no one rumbled¹⁰ that it was not human.

正如该团队在《科学》杂志上所描述的那样，他们让Cicero参加了一个网络《强权外交》游戏联赛，进行了40场比赛，排名玩家榜前10%——没有人发现对手不是人类。

In all past AI game-playing projects the program has learned by reinforcement.

以前所有的人工智能游戏项目都是通过强化学习进行训练的。

Playing repeatedly against itself or another version of itself, it acts first at random¹¹, then more selectively.

强化学习要求程序反复与自身或该程序的其它版本进行对抗，先是随机采取行动，然后更有选择性地行动。

Eventually, it learns how to achieve the desired goal.

最终，程序将学会实现预期目标的方法。

Cicero was taught this way, too.

Cicero也接受了同样的训练。

But that was only part of its training.

但这只是其训练的一部分。

Besides having the reasoning to plan a winning strategy, a successful Diplomacy player must also possess the communicative ability to implement¹² it.

一个优秀的《强权外交》玩家除了需要制定制胜战略的推理能力，还必须具备实施该战略的沟通能力。

1 negotiation   

n.谈判，协商

参考例句：

• They closed the deal in sugar after a week of negotiation.经过一星期的谈判，他们的食糖生意成交了。
• The negotiation dragged on until July.谈判一直拖到7月份。

2 aficionados   

n.酷爱…者，…迷( aficionado的名词复数 )； 爱看斗牛的人

参考例句：

• West Coast aficionados of postwar coffee-shop architecture(Karal Ann Marling) 西海岸战后咖啡店式建筑的狂热追随者（卡拉尔安马林） 来自互联网
• Clay developed a radical style which appalled boxing aficionados. 克莱发展出一种震惊拳击迷的全新风格。 来自互联网

3 diplomacy   

n.外交；外交手腕，交际手腕

参考例句：

• The talks have now gone into a stage of quiet diplomacy.会谈现在已经进入了“温和外交”阶段。
• This was done through the skill in diplomacy. 这是通过外交手腕才做到的。

4 unfamiliar   

adj.陌生的，不熟悉的

参考例句：

• I am unfamiliar with the place and the people here.我在这儿人地生疏。
• The man seemed unfamiliar to me.这人很面生。

5 geographically   

adv.地理学上，在地理上，地理方面

参考例句：

• Geographically, the UK is on the periphery of Europe. 从地理位置上讲，英国处于欧洲边缘。 来自辞典例句
• All these events, however geographically remote, urgently affected Western financial centers. 所有这些事件，无论发生在地理上如何遥远的地方，都对西方金融中心产生紧迫的影响。 来自名作英译部分

6 collaborate   

vi.协作，合作；协调

参考例句：

• The work gets done more quickly when we collaborate.我们一旦合作，工作做起来就更快了。
• I would ask you to collaborate with us in this work.我们愿意请你们在这项工作中和我们合作。

7 vessels   

n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人

参考例句：

• The river is navigable by vessels of up to 90 tons. 90 吨以下的船只可以从这条河通过。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• All modern vessels of any size are fitted with radar installations. 所有现代化船只都有雷达装置。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

8 dub   

vt.（以某种称号）授予，给...起绰号，复制

参考例句：

• I intend to use simultaneous recording to dub this film.我打算采用同期录音的方法为这部影片配音。
• It was dubbed into Spanish for Mexican audiences.它被译制成西班牙语以方便墨西哥观众观看。

9 adept   

adj.老练的，精通的

参考例句：

• When it comes to photography,I'm not an adept.要说照相，我不是内行。
• He was highly adept at avoiding trouble.他十分善于避开麻烦。

10 rumbled   

发出隆隆声，发出辘辘声( rumble的过去式和过去分词 )； 轰鸣着缓慢行进； 发现…的真相； 看穿（阴谋）

参考例句：

• The machine rumbled as it started up. 机器轰鸣着发动起来。
• Things rapidly became calm, though beneath the surface the argument rumbled on. 事情迅速平静下来了，然而，在这种平静的表面背后争论如隆隆雷声，持续不断。

11 random   

adj.随机的；任意的；n.偶然的(或随便的)行动

参考例句：

• The list is arranged in a random order.名单排列不分先后。
• On random inspection the meat was found to be bad.经抽查，发现肉变质了。

12 implement   

n.(pl.)工具，器具；vt.实行，实施，执行

参考例句：

• Don't undertake a project unless you can implement it.不要承担一项计划，除非你能完成这项计划。
• The best implement for digging a garden is a spade.在花园里挖土的最好工具是铁锹。