美国学生人类历史 第156期:十字军东征(5)

 Of course, it would never do to say this openly. 当然，谁也不会把这些情绪公开流露出来。

But when the Crusader returned home, he was likely to imitate the manners which he had learned from his heathenish foe¹, compared to whom the average western knight² was still a good deal of a country bumpkin. 可一旦十字军战士有机会重返故里，他们便可能模仿刚从异教徒敌人那里学来的新奇迷人的优雅举止。与这些雍容优雅的东方敌人相比，欧洲骑士不过是乡下老粗。

He also brought with him several new food-stuffs, such as peaches and spinach³ which he planted in his garden and grew for his own benefit. 十字军战士还从东方带回来几种异国的植物种子，比如桃子和菠菜，种进自己的菜园里，不仅可以换换餐桌的口味，还能拿到市场出售。

He gave up the barbarous custom of wearing a load of heavy armour⁴ 他们抛弃披挂厚重铠甲的粗野习俗，

and appeared in the flowing robes of silk or cotton which were the traditional habit of the followers⁵ of the Prophet and were originally worn by the Turks. 转而模仿伊斯兰教徒及土耳其人的样子，穿起了丝绸或棉制的飘逸长袍。

Indeed the Crusades, which had begun as a punitive⁶ expedition against the Heathen, became a course of general instruction in civilisation⁷ for millions of young Europeans. 事实上，十字军运动最初是作为惩罚异教徒的宗教远征，到后来却变成了对成百万欧洲青年进行文明启蒙的教育课，其间的沧桑真的是耐人寻味。

From a military and political point of view the Crusades were a failure. 从政治和军事观点来看，十字军东征是一场彻底的失败。

Jerusalem and a number of cities were taken and lost. 耶路撒冷及其它小亚细亚的诸多城市失而复得，得而复失。

A dozen little kingdoms were established in Syria and Palestine and Asia Minor⁸, 虽然十字军曾在叙利亚、巴勒斯坦及小亚细亚建立起一系列小型的基督教王国，

but they were re-conquered by the Turks and after the year 1244 (when Jerusalem became definitely Turkish) the status of the Holy Land was the same as it had been before 1095. 可它们最终一一为土耳其人重新征服。到公元1244年，耶路撒冷仍稳稳控制在穆斯林手中，变成了一个完全土耳其化的城市。圣地的状况和公元1095年之前相比并未发生任何变化。

But Europe had undergone a great change. 不过，欧洲却因十字军运动经历了一场深刻的变革。

The people of the west had been allowed a glimpse of the light and the sunshine and the beauty of the east. 西方人民得以有机会一瞥东方文明的灿烂与优美。

Their dreary⁹ castles no longer satisfied them. They wanted a broader life. 这使得他们不再满足于阴沉乏味的城堡生活，转而寻求更宽广、更富活力的生活。

Neither Church nor State could give this to them. They found it in the cities. 这是教会和封建国家都无法给予他们的。这种生活，他们在城市里找到了。

1 foe   

n.敌人，仇敌

参考例句：

• He knew that Karl could be an implacable foe.他明白卡尔可能会成为他的死敌。
• A friend is a friend;a foe is a foe;one must be clearly distinguished from the other.敌是敌，友是友，必须分清界限。

2 knight   

n.骑士，武士；爵士

参考例句：

• He was made an honourary knight.他被授予荣誉爵士称号。
• A knight rode on his richly caparisoned steed.一个骑士骑在装饰华丽的马上。

3 spinach   

n.菠菜

参考例句：

• Eating spinach is supposed to make you strong.据说吃菠菜能使人强壮。
• You should eat such vegetables as carrot,celery and spinach.你应该吃胡萝卜、芹菜和菠菜这类的蔬菜。

4 armour   

（=armor）n.盔甲；装甲部队

参考例句：

• His body was encased in shining armour.他全身披着明晃晃的甲胄。
• Bulletproof cars sheathed in armour.防弹车护有装甲。

5 followers   

追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件

参考例句：

• the followers of Mahatma Gandhi 圣雄甘地的拥护者
• The reformer soon gathered a band of followers round him. 改革者很快就获得一群追随者支持他。

6 punitive   

adj.惩罚的，刑罚的

参考例句：

• They took punitive measures against the whole gang.他们对整帮人采取惩罚性措施。
• The punitive tariff was imposed to discourage tire imports from China.该惩罚性关税的征收是用以限制中国轮胎进口的措施。

7 civilisation   

n.文明，文化，开化，教化

参考例句：

• Energy and ideas are the twin bases of our civilisation.能源和思想是我们文明的两大基石。
• This opera is one of the cultural totems of Western civilisation.这部歌剧是西方文明的文化标志物之一。

8 minor   

adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修

参考例句：

• The young actor was given a minor part in the new play.年轻的男演员在这出新戏里被分派担任一个小角色。
• I gave him a minor share of my wealth.我把小部分财产给了他。

9 dreary   

adj.令人沮丧的，沉闷的，单调乏味的

参考例句：

• They live such dreary lives.他们的生活如此乏味。
• She was tired of hearing the same dreary tale of drunkenness and violence.她听够了那些关于酗酒和暴力的乏味故事。