PBS高端访谈:大规模监禁从何而来

AMNA NAWAZ: On any given day, approximately 50,000 young people in the U.S. are held in juvenile¹ prisons. Johnnie McDaniels, a judge in Hinds² County, Mississippi, believes America's mass incarceration³ problem actually begins during teenage years. McDaniels spent three years as executive director of the Henley-Young Juvenile Justice Center, and offers this Brief But Spectacular take.

JUDGE JOHNNIE MCDANIELS, Former Executive Director, Henley-Young Juvenile Justice Center: Being a prosecutor⁴ is about making sure that justice prevails. I'm an absolute advocate, and I advocated from the courtroom, that if a person wasn't guilty of something, the system is designed that that person should be let go. The criminal justice system was always interesting to me. I'm the youngest of 10 children. One older brother has had the misfortune of having got caught up in the criminal justice system, and actually went to prison. I would go and visit him with my mom at the state penitentiary⁵ in Parchman. And he would always give the most wonderful story when we were there with my mom, you know, I'm doing fine, and I'm going to be OK, and they treat me nicely, and that type of thing. When she was gone, you know, you would hear the other side of it. You would hear the difficulties associated with being incarcerated⁶ in the state of Mississippi, the difficulties associated with not having proper legal representation. So, I was always saying, you know, at one point, you know, I'm going to go to law school, and I'm going to be a great defense⁷ attorney. And I'm going to make sure that I can make a difference for people like my brother. As I stood in the courtroom prosecuting⁸ young people between the ages of 18 and 21, one of the first dynamics⁹ that I absolutely encountered was, all of them have some type of involvement with the juvenile justice system. So, seeing that, I naturally began to ask questions about what's going on with juvenile justice issues in Jackson, Mississippi, and found some pretty astonishing things in terms of the number of young people who were not being adjudicated, the number of young people who were not receiving the type of services that were necessary. The system not having the proper mechanisms¹⁰ in place to deal with the revolving¹¹ door of juvenile justice is absolutely problematic. Many of those juveniles¹² have been the subject of some type of abuse, some type of neglect, some type of trauma¹³. That's why it's so important to have the right type of mental health professionals in place when you're dealing¹⁴ with juveniles who are engaged in the criminal justice system. If you allow it to just kind of not receive the proper attention that it deserves, you're going to have a young person who's going to matriculate from age 13 engaging in behavior, all the way until they do something so unfortunate and sensational¹⁵ that they're on the 5:00 evening news. And, at that point, there is no more saving. I absolutely believe that we can divert and rehabilitate¹⁶ young people, so that we won't have so many people in the criminal justice system. And if you don't get it right at the juvenile level in the context of criminal justice, you're never going to get it right at the adult level. I'm not talking about, you know, making communities unsafe. There's a way to do this in such a way that we can have smart justice, safe communities, but make sure that our jails and prisons are not full of people who shouldn't be there. My name is Johnnie McDaniels, and this is my Brief But Spectacular take on the revolving door of juvenile justice.

AMNA NAWAZ: You can watch additional Brief But Spectacular episodes on our Web site, PBS.org/NewsHour/Brief.

阿姆纳·纳瓦兹：平均每天，美国都有近5万名年轻人被收入少管所。约翰尼·麦克代尼尔斯是密西西比州海恩兹县的法官，他认为，美国的大规模监禁问题实际上是从青少年开始的。麦克代尼尔斯曾在亨利青少年司法中心担任过3年的执行理事，他是我们本期《简短而精彩》的主人公。

法官约翰尼·麦克代尼尔斯，亨利青少年司法中心前执行理事：作为检察官，我们的职责是确保司法秩序高于一切。我们的司法系统规定，如果一个人无罪，那么这个人就应该得到释放。这一点，我是绝对支持的，这也是我在法庭上倡导的一点。我们的刑事司法系统让我着迷。我家有10个孩子，我是最小的一个。我的一个哥哥很不幸被刑事司法系统判定为有罪，并锒铛入狱。我会和母亲去探望他，地点在密西西比州州立监狱——帕克曼农庄监狱。哥哥向来报喜不报忧，比如他总是说：我很好，我会没事的，他们对我很好之类的话。但母亲走了之后，哥哥就是另一个样子了。哥哥会诉说他在密西西比州监狱的艰难生活环境，以及他在法律上得不到公正对待的艰难处境。于是，有一阵子，我总是告诉自己，要读政法类院校，要成为一名优秀的辩护律师。我一定要为哥哥这样的人打抱不平。当我成为一名法官，起诉18-21岁不等的年轻人时，我避无可避的第一个事实是：这些青少年都与刑事司法系统有某种脱不开的干系。在认识到这一点之后，很自然地，我开始思考密西西比州杰克逊市刑事司法系统的一些问题。并发现了一些惊人的真相，这真相与受到判决的青少年人数有关，与如此庞大的青少年群体无法接收到必要类型的服务有关。司法系统没有适当的机制来应对青少年司法门槛的问题，这绝对是有问题的。这些青少年中的很多人涉嫌参与某种虐待行为、某种忽视或者某种创痛。因此，很重要的一点是要配备合适的心理健康专业人士，去跟刑事司法系统中的这些青少年接触。如果我们对青少年无法获得足够关注的问题坐视不理，就会出现年纪才13岁就有非法行为的少年。直到有一天，演变为凌晨5点轰动社会的不幸新闻。等到这一步，已经无法挽回。我坚信我们可以改变年轻人，让他们恢复美好的品质，这样司法体系中才不会有这么受到监禁的人。如果司法体系中从青少年这层开始就下梁不正，那么上梁一定是歪的。我的意思不是说增加社会的危险度。睿智的司法系统、安全的社群环境，这样的目标是可以实现的，但我们一定要确保监狱里不要关进本不必出现的人。我是约翰尼·麦克代尼尔斯，这是我本期有关应对青少年司法门槛的《简短而精彩》。

阿姆纳·纳瓦兹：其他期的《简短而精彩》可以在PBS.org/NewsHour/Brief上收听。

1 juvenile   

n.青少年，少年读物；adj.青少年的，幼稚的

参考例句：

• For a grown man he acted in a very juvenile manner.身为成年人，他的行为举止显得十分幼稚。
• Juvenile crime is increasing at a terrifying rate.青少年犯罪正在以惊人的速度增长。

2 hinds   

n.（常指动物腿）后面的( hind的名词复数 )；在后的；（通常与can或could连用）唠叨不停；滔滔不绝

参考例句：

• He maketh my feet like hinds' feet, and setteth me upon my high places. 诗18:33他使我的脚快如母鹿的蹄、使我在高处安稳。 来自互联网
• He makes my feet like hinds' feet, and setteth me upon my high places. 33他使我的脚快如母鹿的蹄，又使我在高处安稳。 来自互联网

3 incarceration   

n.监禁，禁闭；钳闭

参考例句：

• He hadn't changed much in his nearly three years of incarceration. 在将近三年的监狱生活中，他变化不大。 来自辞典例句
• Please, please set it free before it bursts from its long incarceration! 请你，请你将这颗心释放出来吧！否则它会因长期的禁闭而爆裂。 来自辞典例句

4 prosecutor   

n.起诉人；检察官，公诉人

参考例句：

• The defender argued down the prosecutor at the court.辩护人在法庭上驳倒了起诉人。
• The prosecutor would tear your testimony to pieces.检查官会把你的证言驳得体无完肤。

5 penitentiary   

n.感化院；监狱

参考例句：

• He worked as a warden at the state penitentiary.他在这所州监狱任看守长。
• While he was in the penitentiary her father died and the family broke up.他坐牢的时候，她的父亲死了，家庭就拆散了。

6 incarcerated   

钳闭的

参考例句：

• They were incarcerated for the duration of the war. 战争期间，他们被关在狱中。 来自辞典例句
• I don't want to worry them by being incarcerated. 我不想让他们知道我被拘禁的事情。 来自电影对白

7 defense   

n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩

参考例句：

• The accused has the right to defense.被告人有权获得辩护。
• The war has impacted the area with military and defense workers.战争使那个地区挤满了军队和防御工程人员。

8 prosecuting   

检举、告发某人( prosecute的现在分词 )； 对某人提起公诉； 继续从事（某事物）； 担任控方律师

参考例句：

• The witness was cross-examined by the prosecuting counsel. 证人接受控方律师的盘问。
• Every point made by the prosecuting attorney was telling. 检查官提出的每一点都是有力的。

9 dynamics   

n.力学，动力学，动力，原动力；动态

参考例句：

• In order to succeed,you must master complicated knowledge of dynamics.要取得胜利，你必须掌握很复杂的动力学知识。
• Dynamics is a discipline that cannot be mastered without extensive practice.动力学是一门不做大量习题就不能掌握的学科。

10 mechanisms   

n.机械( mechanism的名词复数 )；机械装置；[生物学] 机制；机械作用

参考例句：

• The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms. 这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• He explained how the two mechanisms worked. 他解释这两台机械装置是如何工作的。 来自《简明英汉词典》

11 revolving   

adj.旋转的，轮转式的；循环的v.（使）旋转( revolve的现在分词 )；细想

参考例句：

• The theatre has a revolving stage. 剧院有一个旋转舞台。
• The company became a revolving-door workplace. 这家公司成了工作的中转站。

12 juveniles   

n.青少年( juvenile的名词复数 )；扮演少年角色的演员；未成年人

参考例句：

• Do you think that punishment for violent crimes should be the same for juveniles and adults? 你对暴力犯罪的惩罚对于青少年和成人应一样吗？ 来自生活英语口语25天快训
• Juveniles Should we not exactly in need of such strength and conviction? 少年的我们难道不正是需要这种力量和信念吗？ 来自互联网

13 trauma   

n.外伤，精神创伤

参考例句：

• Counselling is helping him work through this trauma.心理辅导正帮助他面对痛苦。
• The phobia may have its root in a childhood trauma.恐惧症可能源于童年时期的创伤。

14 dealing   

n.经商方法，待人态度

参考例句：

• This store has an excellent reputation for fair dealing.该商店因买卖公道而享有极高的声誉。
• His fair dealing earned our confidence.他的诚实的行为获得我们的信任。

15 sensational   

adj.使人感动的，非常好的，轰动的，耸人听闻的

参考例句：

• Papers of this kind are full of sensational news reports.这类报纸满是耸人听闻的新闻报道。
• Their performance was sensational.他们的演出妙极了。

16 rehabilitate   

vt.改造(罪犯)，修复；vi.复兴，(罪犯)经受改造

参考例句：

• There was no money to rehabilitate the tower.没有资金修复那座塔。
• He used exercise programmes to rehabilitate the patients.他采用体育锻炼疗法使患者恢复健康。